federal states B. autonomous republics C. multistate nationsD. The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. Ghettos are a type of involuntary ethnic enclave where specified groups of people are forced to live together because of segregation. Social scientists measure the degree to which immigrants have assimilated to a new culture with four benchmarks: socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage. When faced with racial and ethnic discrimination, it can be difficult for new immigrants to assimilate fully. Alternatively, some researchers have instead focused on migrants and people of similar ethnic backgrounds residing in the same communities. Owing to their localized geography or their locations on islands or peninsulas, many smallpolitical entities such as those labeled on the political map of the world can be identified as Topic 4.1A. Which is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Race, in biological terms, refers to a socially constructed way to identify humans based on physical characteristics, resulting from genetic ancestry. According to Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris (1958), a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics: (1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives, (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, (3) involuntary membership in the group, (4) awareness of subordination, and (5) high rate of in-group marriage. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Moreover, the term minority groups describe subordinate groups, or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin. x_1, x_2, x_3 & \geq 0 Genocide is not just a historical concept; it is practiced today. people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture, a new culture to which a person must acculturate, the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture, the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure, the study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based, the many forms and practices that define how a nation shops for, cooks, and consumes its food, People classified according to common traits and customs, A sizeable area inhabited by an ehnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of politcal and social control over it. In relatively recent history, between 1890 and 1920, the United States became home to around 24 million immigrants. AP Human Geography: Chapter 7 (Ethnicity), AP Human Geography Folk and Popular Culture T. * South East Asia Trayvon Martin was a seventeen-year-old black teenager. In the United States, which has a history of welcoming and absorbing immigrants from different lands, assimilation has been a function of immigration. Belief that one race is superior to another. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned about ethnic enclaves. Why? An island with a long history of self-rule and a homogeneous ethnic identity, although the island has been under the control of a colonial power for the last 30 years. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting that black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. The strong presence of immigrants is reflected in present-day ethnic neighborhoods: the Cuban "Little Havana" in Miami, Florida, U.S.; the Somali "Little Mogadishu" in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.; the Korean "Koreatown" in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the North African "Little Maghreb" in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, are just a few. Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. In modern society, some people who consider themselves white actually have more melanin (a pigment that determines skin color) in their skin than other people who identify as black. In some countries, such as Brazil, class is more important than skin color in determining racial categorization. AP Human Geography Ethnicity Flashcards | Quizlet Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Multiethnic State. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. An ethnic group can be described as a group of people who identify themselves as part of a group with a common heritage. Some groups may keep only symbolic gestures of their original ethnicity. Identity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state. The development of a new cultural trait as a result of the fusion of two distinct but interacting cultures. This forces us to question just how voluntary all of these enclaves were. In this chapter, we focus on racial and ethnic minorities. Ethnicity, like race, continues to be an identification method that individuals and institutions use todaywhether through the census, affirmative action initiatives, nondiscrimination laws, or simply in day-to-day personal relations. Although the assumption of a linear relationship may not be valid for the set of 23 flights, fit a simple linear regression model to predict O\mathrm{O}O-ring damage, based on atmospheric temperature. For example, the category Negroid, popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term negro by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with African American. This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. Concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of the city. This term was later used for communities where African Americans were segregated both legally and through social practices. Institutional discrimination can also include the promotion of a groups status, such in the case of white privilege, which is the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group. In either case, the stereotype is a generalization that does not take individual differences into account. Geographic isolation, since the era of colonization and even before then, has significantly decreased in most areas of the world. An ethnic enclave can be most simply defined as a high number of people from the same ethnic group within a geographic area, distinct from the people in the areas around them. Although a treaty was signed in 2011, the peace is fragile. Researchers have noticed this as well, although they do have slightly more academic ways to describe it than comparing people to salad toppings. In your AP Human Geography class, you'll learn about the dynamics of societies around the world in economic, social, political, and environmental contexts. At first glance, it appears that ethnic cleansing and genocide are similar. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited black political and social power. Even after segregation was legally abolished in 1964, forced segregation was maintained in many cities by policies of redlining, in which people who lived within certain neighborhoods automatically could not qualify for the home loans needed to get out of that ghetto. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Nation ap human geography example - United States Tutorials Step-by U.S.S. Immigrants often settled in smaller areas in high concentrations and then spread outwards from there. We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through three major perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LGBTQ+ community, religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities. I feel like its a lifeline. Also known as circular migration, The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. An error occurred trying to load this video. Want to create or adapt books like this? Contemporary conceptions of race, therefore, which tend to be based on socioeconomic assumptions, illuminate how far removed modern understanding of race is from biological qualities. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. This means that 79 percent of either blacks or whites would have to move in order for each neighborhood to have the same racial balance as the whole metro region (Population Studies Center 2010). On the other hand, someone with low levels of melanin might be assigned the identity of black if he or she has little education or money. Prejudiced nondiscriminators are those who hold racist beliefs but do not act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers. Prejudice refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that someone holds about a group. What THREE things are kept in mind when analyzing religious and ethnic groups? In European history, Jews were forcibly segregated into ghettos, truly involuntary enclaves. The farther they traveled, the more advanced their navigation became. While Americans of the 19th century saw Italians, Greeks, Germans, and Hungarians as being culturally recognizable to some degree, immigrants from East Asia seemed to come from an entirely different world. - Definition, Applications & Example, What Are Benzodiazepines? AP Human Geography Syllabus 2015-2016. When consumption equals disposable income: a. the marginal propensity to consume is zero. Research in this school of thought suggests that race is not biologically identifiable and that previous racial categories were arbitrarily assigned, based on pseudoscience, and used to justify racist practices (Omi and Winant 1994; Graves 2003). The largest ethnic group in the world without a homeland; Divided among several nationalities including Turkish, Syrian, Iraqi, and Iranian nationalities. Even if a society managed to eradicate racism from each individuals psyche, society itself would maintain it. An ethnic enclave can be most simply defined as a high number of people from the same ethnic group within a geographic area, distinct from the people in the areas around them. The United States has a longstanding claim of being a melting pot of cultures. In modern times redlining is a practice that encourages segregation through policies restricting or denying benefits to certain groups of people or certain areas and has historically affected African Americans who were denied mortgages for homes. Make sure to remember your password. Expulsion has often occurred historically with an ethnic or racial basis. A relatively small area occupied by a distinct culture or ethnicity, which largely result from chain migration. They worked hard to make it flourish. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group. Ethnic Provinces. Intergroup relations (relationships between different groups of people) range along a spectrum between tolerance and intolerance. Industrial cities like London, Sydney, or New York attracted immigrants from around the world with the promise of economic opportunities. When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. Many Americans were deeply distrustful of Chinese immigrants in particular, giving Chinatowns an especially defined role as safe spaces for Chinese immigrants to live and work, away from the racial persecution they may find elsewhere in American society. Discrimination also manifests in different ways. PBS has created an exciting website called RACE The Power of an Illusion that looks at whether race indeed is a biological characteristic of humans or a social construct. Consider how a community might increase solidarity by refusing to allow outsiders access. Hitlers intent was clear, and the high Jewish death toll certainly indicates that Hitler and his regime committed genocide. Privacy Policy and Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. While examples of ethnic enclaves in the United States are often discussed, ethnic enclaves occur across the globe. Was there a deliberate attempt to manipulate public opinion? Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. Group protection can be achieved by a group of people building and supporting their own economy and bolstering other elements of their culture including religion, social causes, or politics. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. Ethnic group. Yet by December 2013, fighting between the new government and rebel fighters created a new civil war within the new country. First off, we learned that an ethnic enclave is a community (generally founded by immigrants) that has maintained strong ethnic or national identity, concentrated tightly within a specific neighborhood. On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, and seven astronauts lost their lives. The site keeps a . Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Ethnicity - StudyStack All rights reserved. With forced emigration, concentration camps, and mass executions in gas chambers, Hitlers Nazi regime was responsible for the deaths of 12 million people, 6 million of whom were Jewish. Generally, they're seen as examples of voluntary self-segregation, where communities come together and choose to remain at least partially isolated from mainstream society for mutual protection and comfort. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. The Course Description of the AP Human Geography lets you know that you have to distinguish between ethnic and universalizing religions. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.