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Images of her attended by a dog[35] are also found at times when she is shown as in her role as mother goddess with child, and when she is depicted alongside the god Hermes and the goddess Cybele in reliefs. They have a son named Nefertem. Qetesh is the name given to the Goa'uld that once possessed Vala Mal Doran, a recurring and then regular character in Seasons 9 and 10, respectively of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1. [66] Nevertheless, the Homeric Hymn to Demeter shows Helios and Hecate informing Demeter of Persephone's abduction, a common theme found in many parts of the world where the Sun and the Moon are questioned concerning events that happen on earth based on their ability to witness everything[66] and implies Hecate's capacity as a moon goddess in the hymn. Shakespeare mentions Hecate also in King Lear. Lady of Life: Spells exist that regard plagues as brought by the messengers of Sekhmet. It is difficult to distinguish Sekhmet from other feline goddesses, especially Bastet. [28], Variations in interpretations of Hecate's roles can be traced in classical Athens. Diana (mythology) - Wikipedia 2. https://egyptianmuseum.org/deities-sekhmet, 3. [3], Due to lack of clear references to Qetesh as a distinct deity in Ugaritic and other Syro-Palestinian sources, she is considered an Egyptian deity influenced by religion and iconography of Canaan by many modern researchers, rather than merely a Canaanite deity adopted by the Egyptians (examples of which include Reshef and Anat). Berg 1974, p. 128: Berg comments on Hecate's endorsement of Roman hegemony in her representation on the pediment at Lagina solemnising a pact between a warrior (Rome) and an. Marcia Stark & Gynne Stern (1993) The Dark Goddess: Dancing with the Shadow, The Crossing Press. Though such gifts varied in value and substance, it is nevertheless clear that the kings, chiefs, and Ollam of the Tuatha D Danann all drew their power . 1. The lion-headed goddess Sekhmet is the most represented deity in most Egyptian collections worldwide. 6. Good is she also when men contend at the games, for there too the goddess is with them and profits them: and he who by might and strength gets the victory wins the rich prize easily with joy, and brings glory to his parents. Asherah - Wikipedia Grandmother of the three cousins was Phoebe[123] the ancient Titan goddess whose name was often used for the moon goddess. Sekhmet is a powerful and unique therianthropic (part-animal, part human-like) mother goddess from ancient Egypt. [81] Shrines to Hecate were often placed at doorways to homes, temples, and cities with the belief that it would protect from restless dead and other spirits. In the 1st century CE, Ovid wrote: "Look at Hecate, standing guard at the crossroads, one face looking in each direction. Ancient Egypt: the Mythology - Qetesh The origin of the name Hecate (, Hekt) and the original country of her worship are both unknown, though several theories have been proposed. "[49], The goddess is described as wearing oak in fragments of Sophocles' lost play The Root Diggers (or The Root Cutters), and an ancient commentary on Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica (3.1214) describes her as having a head surrounded by serpents, twining through branches of oak.[50]. Accessed May 2, 2023. Mary McMahon It is possible that the representation of a triple Hecate surrounding a central pillar was originally derived from poles set up at three-way crossroads with masks hung on them, facing in each road direction. [16], A strong possibility for the foreign origin of the name may be Heqet (qt), a frog-headed Egyptian goddess of fertility and childbirth, who, like Hecate, was also associated with q, ruler. Isis, for instance, was a mother goddess in ancient Egypt. Looking at Egypt, Isis is the only deity that one can conceive of as being esoteric because she brought back her husband from the dead. She was a warrior goddess. She received honor also in starry heaven, and is honored exceedingly by the deathless gods. Every culture has esoteric practices, knowledge, and deities to represent both. Goddess of boundaries, transitions, crossroads, magic, the New Moon, necromancy, and ghosts. [76] Karl Kerenyi noted the similarity between the names, perhaps denoting a chthonic connection among the two and the goddess Persephone;[77] it is possible that this epithet gives evidence of a lunar aspect of Hecate. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. The possibility of not to be, of returning to nothingness, distinguishes Egyptian gods and goddesses from deities of all other pagan pantheons.[1]. [3] Marcia Stark & Gynne Stern (1993) The Dark Goddess: Dancing with the Shadow, The Crossing Press, [4] Marcia Stark & Gynne Stern (1993) The Dark Goddess: Dancing with the Shadow, The Crossing Press. 7), dated to the late 3rd or early 4th century CE, Hecate Erschigal is invoked against fear of punishment in the afterlife. Heqet - The Egyptian Frog Goddess It should be noted that in spite of popular culture, the 'connection' of Kek to frogs is quite obscure, given the ambiguous nature of primordial gods in Egyptian mythology. [126] In Athens, Hecate, along with Zeus, Hermes, Athena, Hestia, and Apollo, were very important in daily life as they were the main gods of the household. Hecate often carries a torch in her connection with the night. Ions Veronica (1983) Egyptian Mythology, Peter Bedrick Books, 9. Lady of Pestilence / Red Lady: Alignment with the desert, sends plagues to those who angered her. 1910191078, This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 11:43. One theory is that Hesiod's original village had a substantial Hecate following and that his inclusion of her in the Theogony was a way of adding to her prestige by spreading word of her among his readers. The triple moon symbol, also called the triple goddess symbol, is represented by two crescent moons flanking a full moon. The Mistress and Lady of the tomb, gracious one, destroyer of rebellion, mighty one of enchantments, 7. Principally the Ethiopians which dwell in the Orient, and the Egyptians which are excellent in all kind of ancient doctrine, and by their proper ceremonies accustomed to worship me, do call me Queen Isis. She is seated on a throne, with a chaplet around her head; the depiction is otherwise relatively generic. She was worshipped widely in Lower Egypt as a great Mother Goddess in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000- c. 3150 BCE) and so is among the older deities of Egypt. What's interesting about this deity is that Isis has mothered more religions than you may think. It is speculated that these statues were created to pacify the goddess and please her. I worship Hekate but have not worked with her personally. (1971). An annual festival was celebrated in honor of Sekhmet. Osiris, one of Egypt's most important deities, was god of the underworld. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death Medusa came to Greece from Libya as the Serpent Goddess, and the destroyer aspect of the Great Triple Goddess. Pinch Geraldine (2003) Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press. Some think this deity is Athirat/Ashratu under her Ugaritic name. The Athenian Greeks honoured Hecate during the Deipnon. Whether or not Hecate's worship originated in Greece, some scholars have suggested that the name derives from a Greek root, and several potential source words have been identified. She also is often one of the most misunderstood. Martha Ann & Dorothy Myers Imel (1993) Goddesses in World Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 5. He is told to sweeten the offering with a libation of honey, then to retreat from the site without looking back, even if he hears the sound of footsteps or barking dogs. There were over 2,000 deities in the Egyptian pantheon, many whose names are well known - Isis, Osiris, Horus, Amun, Ra, Hathor, Bastet, Thoth, Anubis, and Ptah among others - but many more less so who were also important. Pp. It remained common practice in English to pronounce her name in two syllables, even when spelled with final e, well into the 19th century. In the Michigan magical papyrus (inv. [28], By the 5th century BCE, Hecate had come to be strongly associated with ghosts, possibly due to conflation with the Thessalian goddess Enodia (meaning "traveller"), who travelled the earth with a retinue of ghosts and was depicted on coinage wearing a leafy crown and holding torches, iconography strongly associated with Hecate. In ancient Egyptor Kemet, as it was known to its people at the timeone key concept was the relationship among three deities, Asar, Aset, and Heru. Hecate - World History Encyclopedia "[10], The Romans knew her by the epithet of Trivia, an epithet she shares with Diana/Artemis, each in their roles as protector of travel and of the crossroads (trivia, "three ways").[11]. [99], Hecate's island ( ) also called Psamite (), was an islet in the vicinity of Delos. [7] In the post-Christian writings of the Chaldean Oracles (2nd3rd century CE) she was also regarded with (some) rulership over earth, sea, and sky, as well as a more universal role as Savior (Soteira), Mother of Angels and the Cosmic World Soul. The left side of the symbol features a waxing moon, the center features a full moon, while the right side depicts a waning moon. [citation needed], One surviving group of stories[clarification needed] suggests how Hecate might have come to be incorporated into the Greek pantheon without affecting the privileged position of Artemis. 2. [130] All these elements betoken the rites owed to a chthonic deity. Sorita d'Este, Avalonia, 2010, "Hecate had a "botanical garden" on the island of Colchis where the following alkaloid plants were kept: Akoniton (. You find her in the labyrinthine places of Minoan Crete. In Neopaganism, the triple goddess appears in the form of three aspects of womanhood, representing the maiden, the mother, and the crone. Additional possible triads are Artemis, Selene, and Hecate or Persephone, Demeter, and Hekate. The oldest known direct evidence of Hecate's cult comes from Selinunte (near modern-day Trapani in Sicily), where she had a temple in the 6th5th centuries BCE. 5. [13] However, while Ashtart (Astarte) and Anat were closely associated with each other in Ugarit, in Egyptian sources, and elsewhere,[14][15] there is no evidence for conflation of Athirat and Ashtart, nor is Athirat associated closely with Ashtart and Anat in Ugaritic texts. . Sekhmet: Egypt's Forgotten Esoteric Goddess | History Cooperative Maiden, Mother, and Crone: The Wiccan Triple Goddess [139], Hecate is also referenced in the Gnostic text Pistis Sophia. Her breath is said to be the hot desert winds. However, Sekhmet is forgotten. Her name literally means She who is powerful or One who has control. Mistress of Dread: She nearly destroyed human civilization and had to be drugged to sleep. See Heckenbach, p. 2776 and references. The Triple Goddess is arguably the most important deity in the vast majority of Pagan and Wiccan pantheons. Her earliest known representation is a small terracotta statue found in Athens. Dated to the 7th century BCE, this is one of the oldest known artefacts dedicated to the worship of Hecate. He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea. [13] In association with her worship alongside Apollo at Miletus, worshipers used a unique form of offering: they would place stone cubes, often wreathes, known as (gylloi) as protective offerings at the door or gateway. There are three different ways you can cite this article. For as many as were born of Earth and Ocean amongst all these she has her due portion. . The ancient text is corrupted; an alternative correction of the name into 'Phoebus' (that is, Apollo) has been also suggested. American Book Company, 1910. Watchdogs were used extensively by Greeks and Romans. She became merely an aspect of Mut, Hathor, and Isis. by Patricia Monaghan, which is a very comprehensive encyclopedia of Goddesses; Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses. Chapter in the book The Goddess Hekate: Studies in Ancient Pagan and Christian Philosophy edited by Stephen Ronan. [71] In Italy, the triple unity of the lunar goddesses Diana (the huntress), Luna (the Moon) and Hecate (the underworld) became a ubiquitous feature in depictions of sacred groves, where Hecate/Trivia marked intersections and crossroads along with other liminal deities. Larger Hekataions, often enclosed within small walled areas, were sometimes placed at public crossroads near important sites for example, there was one on the road leading to the Acropolis. The Greek Magical Papyri describe Hecate as the holder of the keys to Tartaros. [137], In the syncretism during Late Antiquity of Hellenistic and late Babylonian ("Chaldean") elements, Hecate was identified with Ereshkigal, the underworld counterpart of Inanna in the Babylonian cosmography. The monuments to Hecate in Phrygia and Caria are numerous but of late date. [21], William Berg observes, "Since children are not called after spooks, it is safe to assume that Carian theophoric names involving hekat- refer to a major deity free from the dark and unsavoury ties to the underworld and to witchcraft associated with the Hecate of classical Athens. One name was known to Sekhmet and eight associated deities, and; and one name (known only to Sekhmet herself) was the means by which Sekhmet could modify her being or cease to exist. 6. An Exciting Provocation: John F. Millers Apollo, Augustus, and the Poets. Vergilius (1959-) 58 (2012): Wycherley, R. (1970). Sekhmet represented the Lower Nile region (north Egypt). doi:10.2307/1087735. [98] According to Hesychius of Miletus there was once a statue of Hecate at the site of the Hippodrome in Constantinople. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions. Hecate's Deipnon is, at its most basic, a meal served to Hecate and the restless dead once a lunar month[102] during the New Moon. A round stone altar dedicated to the goddess was found in the Delphinion (a temple dedicated to Apollo) at Miletus. The priest (waeb Sekhmet) would recite prayers to the goddess along with the practicalities performed by the physician (sunu). The cult of Sekhmet declined in the New Kingdom. [26], Hecate was generally represented as three-formed or triple-bodied, though the earliest known images of the goddess are singular. Supporters of this etymology suggest that Hecate was originally considered an aspect of Artemis prior to the latter's adoption into the Olympian pantheon. Her temple was known for its triple-towered temple or 'Magdala.' Much imagery in the gospels regarding the Marys corresponds with the worship of Mari-Anna-Ishtar. He noted that the cult regularly practiced dog sacrifice and had secretly buried the body of one of its "queens" with seven dogs. In the New Kingdom funerary literature, Sekhmet is said to defend Ra from Apophis. [72], From her father Perses, Hecate is often called Perseis (meaning daughter of Perses)[73][74] which is also the name of one of the Oceanid nymphs, Helios wife and Circes mother in other versions. English translation used here from: William Wynn Wescott (tr. She was also the patron of physicians and healers. Egyptian equivalent: Neith: Statue of Diana-Artemis, fresco from Pompeii, 50-1 BCE. Her cult became popular in Egypt during the New Kingdom. Isis | Description, Myth, Symbols, History, & Facts | Britannica EC490 - Y Ganolfan Eifftaidd / Egypt Centre She seems to have been born in the Delta region, a place where lions were rarely seen. The son of Cronos did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former Titan gods: but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, privilege both in earth, and in heaven, and in sea.[122]. Great honor comes full easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favorably, and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power surely is with her. ", deEste, Sorita. [33][133], Hecate is the primary feminine figure in the Chaldean Oracles (2nd3rd century CE),[134] where she is associated in fragment 194 with a strophalos (usually translated as a spinning top, or wheel, used in magic) "Labour thou around the Strophalos of Hecate. As the holder of the keys that can unlock the gates between realms, she can unlock the gates of death, as described in a 3rd-century BCE poem by Theocritus. [18], Hecate possibly originated among the Carians of Anatolia,[6] the region where most theophoric names invoking Hecate, such as Hecataeus or Hecatomnus, the father of Mausolus, are attested,[19] and where Hecate remained a Great Goddess into historical times, at her unrivalled[b] Her name is the Greek form of an ancient Egyptian word for "throne." Isis was initially an obscure goddess who lacked her own dedicated temples, but she grew in importance as the dynastic age progressed, until she became one of the most important deities of ancient Egypt. She is mentioned a number of times in the spells of The Book of the Dead as both a creative and destructive force. "[22] In particular, there is some evidence that she might be derived from the local sun goddesses (see also Arinna) based on similar attributes.[23]. [141][142] In various later accounts, Hecate was given different parents. The symbol is a representation of the changing phases of the moon which also correspond with . Hekate: Her Role and Character in Greek Literature from before the Fifth Century B.C. Hecate - Mythopedia Sekhmet is the instrument of divine retribution. Memphis and Leontopolis were the major centers of the worship of Sekhmet, with Memphis being the principal seat. Sekhmets father is Ra. Lady of the flame: Sekhmet is placed as the uraeus (serpent) on Ras brow where she guarded the sun gods head and shot flames at her enemies. "Beyond Erekigal? She has three faces for her role as the goddess of boundaries and the guardian of . 4060 in. Known sources do not associate her with fertility or sex, and theories presenting her as a "sacred harlot" are regarded as obsolete in modern scholarship due to lack of evidence. Lewis Richard Farnell, (1896). She is believed to have caused plagues. The coffin texts associate her with Lower Egypt. According to Memphite theology, Sekhmet was the first-born daughter of Ra. At this time, the sculptor Alcamenes made the earliest known triple-formed Hecate statue for use at her new temple. Her attendants draped wreathes of yew around the necks of black bulls which they slaughtered in her honor and yew boughs were burned on funeral pyres. This can be compared to Pausanias' report that in the Ionian city of Colophon in Asia Minor a sacrifice of a black female puppy was made to Hecate as "the wayside goddess", and Plutarch's observation that in Boeotia dogs were killed in purificatory rites. Moreover is Qadesh, also called Qwynn, a character in Holly Roberds' fantasy novel "Bitten by Death", published in 2021. Beginning during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, a Semitic goddess named Qetesh ("holiness", sometimes reconstructed as Qudshu) appears prominently. Hecate or Hekate [a] is a goddess in ancient Greek religion and mythology, most often shown holding a pair of torches, a key, snakes, or accompanied by dogs, [1] and in later periods depicted as three-formed or triple-bodied. Regarding the nature of her cult, it has been remarked, "she is more at home on the fringes than in the centre of Greek polytheism. She was said to have saved the city from Philip II of Macedon, warning the citizens of a night time attack by a light in the sky, for which she was known as Hecate Lampadephoros. ), "A top of Hekate is a golden sphere enclosing a lapis lazuli in its middle that is twisted through a cow-hide leather thong and having engraved letters all over it. Fragmentary Egyptian literary sources spread across thousands of years make reconstructing a unitary, comprehensive narrative difficult. Deities, heroes, animals, and other entities often fight against each other because they are representations of opposing qualities. The dog was Hecate's regular sacrificial animal, and was often eaten in solemn sacrament. 4. [28] It has been speculated that this triple image, usually situated around a pole or pillar, was derived from earlier representations of the goddess using three masks hung on actual wooden poles, possibly placed at crossroads and gateways. The crone symbolizes elderly women and the wisdom which comes with aging. Hecate, goddess accepted at an early date into Greek religion but probably derived from the Carians in southwest Asia Minor. Enodia's very name ("In-the-Road") suggests that she watched over entrances, for it expresses both the possibility that she stood on the main road into a city, keeping an eye on all who entered, and in the road in front of private houses, protecting their inhabitants. [28] In artwork, she is often portrayed in three statues standing back to back, each with its own special attributes (torch, keys, daggers, snakes, dogs). Robert Graves called her by a few The Byzantines dedicated a statue to her as the "lamp carrier". She protected the pharaohs and led them to war. [16] The concept of Athirat, Anat and Ashtart as a trinity and the only prominent goddesses in the entire region (popularized by authors like Tikva Frymer-Kensky) is modern and ignores the large role of other female deities, for example Shapash, in known texts, as well as the fact El appears to be the deity most closely linked to Athirat in primary sources.