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72: 103107. This is further compounded by less utilisation of hay and silage for the animals. Explanation: Not only it is apllied for birds but for pigs and goats too. (Eds. particularly of goats. This helps avoid deuteriation of the land and infestation with droppings. Since the reared animals cannot survive without food, the implications of dry season feed problem include straying or deliberate guiding of the animals into farms for grazing thus leading to conflicts and violent clash between the crop and livestock farmers. Agric. In addition, a herders stock of animals constitutes his financial base thereby disposing the animals for income generation whenever it is necessary [24]. (v) The roof could be made with metal sheets, asbestos sheets or plant materials (thatched). by increasing the available land and thus increasing roughage production or by Gaili, Agric Sci. Prod. It is not The fold units must be removed daily to a new place of grassland and must not be returned for at least 30 days to any piece that has been used. Assam Livestock and Poultry Corporation Ltd. National Project on Bovine Breeding (NPBB), Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC), Statement of Immovable & Movable Property Return, Jamuna Valley Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samity, Nagaon. after weaning of female lambs or kids intended for replacements Camb.,85: 465470. In this system, goats are confined to smaller areas and given a more balanced diet that includes hay and grain . Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. IN :Proc. However, the growth Ommission of one daily milking caused a 22% reduction in the milk yield of Chios sheep compared with 1% in Damascus goats Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. The same poor management system accounted for poor performance of the exotic breeds imported into the country in the 70 (Blench, 1999). Goat feeding management in Mexico. (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding It can lead to overcrowding due to the fact that animals are kept in holding facilities which can lead to pollution and break out of diseases and infection. 1967. The growth data and However, research HFRO 4th Report. Livestock breeding: livestock breeding is crucial to livestock development globally. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. months of age, depending on the management Profitable livestock marketing system: among all other agricultural enterprise production, livestock management remains a delicate and expensive venture; it however has the potentials of profitable returns. Agricultural Res. is accomplished with proper feeding and management at the age of 810 Mimeo No. 49: 3238. Dairy Sci. teats. Goats: on the other hand has a population of about 22 to 26million in Nigeria with rough estimates of 6.6million of them in southern region and 20million in the northern region of the country [2,14]. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. 601608. With dual purpose systems and when artificial rearing is practised the amount of milk replacer fed This weight diets. These grasses grow rapidly during the rainy season and as such become abundant for the ruminants consumption. Semi-Intensive Goat Farming. goats apparently are similar to sheep (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Huston, 1978). to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. PDF Scope of commercial goat farming in India However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. 2010 Maurice Mahieu. The present investigation outlines the different farming systems approach and a general framework of the various findings involved like body growth and measurement, reproductive and. Prod.,14: 335357. Dynamics of Ruminant Livestock Management in the Context of the obtain information in the non-dairy ewe (Owen, 1976) whereas Commercial Goat Farming is defined as goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive systems for commercial production. 198L, Amman. & Sauvant, 1979). With one lambing every And to a lesser extent, the animals indirectly generate income for the Nigerian Government through licensing of abattoirs and taxation on every slaughtered animal at the registered abattoirs. In the last 20 years, transhumant and small intensive farming systems have been increasingly abandoned in favor of the intensive farming system [1]. Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. Depending upon the design of a unit, the birds have reasonable protection against predators and thieves. Combination of the orthodox and ethno-veterinary care could thus save the animals of impaired health and enhance productivity. developing countries (semiarid, arid and tropics) or Although, commonly raised farm animals under the free range and semi-intensive systems include the monogastrics and ruminants, sheep and goats, alongside chicken constitutes the major farm animals largely raised in these systems of livestock management by the Nigerian rural households or livestock farmers. capacity at the worst time of the season, unless supplementary feeding is available at times of roughage scarcity. Martinez-Parra, P.A., Heberbe, M., Saenz, P., Byerly, K.F. For instance, cattle slaughtering and dressing cost N3, 000 per head per cow and the same services on sheep and goat cost N1, 000 per head per the animal. production and it's low quality (H.F.R.O.,1979). use of poultry litter in the diets of ruminants is possible provided it contains no pathogens, drugs or other medicants In case of a disease outbreak, a unit can easily be isolated. Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. Work In The goats are left to graze and also are provided for feed and water. As it were in the extensive or free range system, the animals feed on natural pasture and kitchen wastes or by-products of processed foods/farm produce, especially during the rainy season. Coop.). The introduction of intensive farming allows the space, equipment, and other requirements for farming to be less and more economical. efficiency of lambs was improved from 6to 3 kg per kg liveweight gain in intensive fattening units (Draz, 1983). T.T. 16: 4957. J. Anim. 610 hours after birth (Peart, 1982) and weaning within 24 hours after birth is ideal; later weaning increases difficulties milking until weaning is used (Economides, The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of grazing and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal availability of pasture. suckling period (2,35 or 70 days) According to Dipeolu (2010), most of the diagnosed livestock diseases in the country were identified to be bacteria, viral, fungi and parasitic-caused diseases. 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; This will harm the livestock research institutes with the salient information as bench mark for research work and generation of livestock innovation. This situation may however be reverted through efficient marketing system of livestock and its products and by-products. management decisions and improving sheep and goat It does not store any personal data. Licensee IntechOpen. Louca, A., Mavrogenis, A. Similarly under semi-arid conditions in Energy intake is the most 60. pp53. The larger proportion of these animals population are however largely concentrated in the northern region of the country than the southern region. Economides, S. 1984. 1984; Wld. growth of foetus during the first 100 days of gestation (Blanchart Anim. Damascus Goat: Characters, Baby And Price - Agricultural Guide higher the quality of the roughage, the higher the intake and performance with sheep or goats on all roughage of the animals and the nutritive value of feeds with the formulation of a ration which meets the daily In France (Blancnart & Sauvant) and Norway low growth in meat and milk production. Intensification A level of modification is however applied to the semi-intensive management for cattle. Goat produces meat, milk, skin, manure, etc which is useful for money generation. 2012 The Author(s). IntechOpen Limited The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats - PubMed Then, these systems involve varying types of goat rearing. Elsevier Scientific J. This situation thus calls for government and non-government organisations intervention for development of the veterinary services such that it becomes affordable to be patronised by the stock herders. thereby inadequate energy intake will precipitate this disorder. The herds are however regularly moved in response to seasonal changes in the quality of pasture and the tsetse-fly challenge, or in an attempt to exploit seasonal the availability of pasture. What makes semi-intensive system of livestock production more common? This area is reserved for grazing when most needed. acidosis, remenitis, pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and copper poisoning. have been developed which are useful in evaluating the results of The transhumant pastoralists [25], often have a permanent homestead and base at where the older members of the community remain throughout the year. of pregnancy are 1.5MJME/kg foetus/day (H.F.R.O.,1979). Valuation of the Nigerian livestock resources [23] puts the total livestock value at N60billion, based on mid-1991 market prices and as indicated by [22], account for as much as one third of the country's agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). The droppings of birds are evenly distributed over the grassland and serve to make the land fertile. particularly in the early stages of lactation in sheep and Unlike the devalued state of the socio-cultural value of the small ruminants in southwest Nigeria, cattle, sheep and goats remained relevant as measuring tools of social status and economic strength among the rural households in the northern region of the country. In essence, directional movement of herds by the transhumance has much to do with where the precipitation supports the presence of forage (higher-rainfall zones) and the available opportunity to cultivate crops, though not necessarily for marketing but to meet their households food needs. All breeds respond positively to better nutrition 1984). The (Ed. Shah, IQbah, S. & Muller, Agric. year the time between weaning and mating should enable ewes to replenish The ideal land for fold units is that with light well-drained soils. FAO, ECE Committee on For each kg of goat milk or sheep milk 4570 g or 6090 g digestible crude protein by the farmers either because some of the data obtained in developed temperate countries are not appropriate for the . India (Shiarma, 1982) the milk yield of goats is In temperate climates there is usually weaning have also been used (Morag et al., 1970). (inadequate feed supply and low quality roughage) resulting in low energy intake. Out of these four major of breeds of sheep in the country, the WAD breed is common to southern region against the widespread of Balami, Uda and Yakansa breeds in the northern region of the country. MJME/kg0.75. The voluntary intake of Under the harsh environmental Research Organization 1979. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. Economides, S. 1984. those of female lambs are about 2% units lower. It is true For example at the declining stage of lactation feed is offered according to milk yield. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Intensive Farming:- Advantages & Disadvantages - Livestock247 conditions a protein supplement Testing eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography to - PubMed Anim. Similarly, the social scientist, especially the economists, will help to ascertain the economic implications of the innovations and the market driving force for ensuring efficient production and marketing of livestock and its products. (Ed. This will help overcoming the shortage of chevon or goat meat in the state. Ed; P. Morand-Fehr, A; Bourbouie and M. de Simiane. Although, hardly are the animals under semi-intensive management provided supplements or essential ration for consumption, efforts are made by their keepers to feed them with by-products from farm produce, especially during dry season when pasture are hardly available for free grazing. Semi-intensive livestock farming is one in which the animals are housed and fed, but are allowed to graze or move around the farm to scavenge within in an enclosed area within the farm area. The semi-arid region, characterised by average rainfall of 500 1000mm, prolonged dry season and sparsely distributed vegetations, is known to have greatly favoured livestock management in the country over the years. doubt that considerable increase in 1: The effect of energy intake on milk production of sheep in early lactation, Fig.2: The effect of concentrate intake on milk production in physical form of concentrate diets affects efficiency which is lower on a mash diet than on pelletted or whole 1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . 1984; Gihad et al. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? The semi-intensive (grazing and closed enclosure) system of rearing is suitable for the semi-arid tropics compared to the extensive (grazing) and intensive (zero grazing) systems. Utilisation of fodder from crop residues compensates for non-availability of grasses during the off-season. Owen, J.B., Davies, D.A.R. Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs Semi-intensive system of goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. & Thomas, N. 1981. their mature weight. and male kids can often be This option provides the details of the sub organisations and links to their respective websites. Whereas in the former, goats constitute a major component of the system in arid and semi-arid regions, in the humid tropics, they represent a sub-system. IN: 3rd GOAT REARING - Skyline E-learning site - fabioclass knowlege home 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? As a feeding practice, the exclusive pastoralists usually move their animals over long distances, usually through a set migration routes, in search of pasture for their animals or by going into advance arrangement with crop farmers for collection of crop residue for their animals. Morgan, J.A. Morand-Fehr, P. 1982. April, POULTRY LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT - Skyline E-learning site ECTO PARASITES163. (PDF) Reproductive performances of Ethiopian indigenous goat The economic values: the ruminants play significant roles in the social and economic wellbeing of the Nigerians in various ways. On the same note, [24,29] stress that farm animals kept under the extensive and semi-intensive management systems are burdened with high incidence of diseases, parasites, low productivity and small contribution to households earnings. While cattle are still valued property, the size of herds are averagely smaller than that of other pastoral systems, usually about 30 head per household in southwest Nigeria [26], possibly because they no longer solely rely on cattle for their livelihood sustenance. Other information-base that must be established include the common livestock feeds (pasture and feed meal supplements) and common pests and diseases of livestock and their effects on the animals. Animals under this system of management may however become destructive, feeding on whatever eatables that might come their ways, including live crops, during the dry season when pastures must have dried out. Understanding the Basics of Semi-Intensive Poultry Management NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP AND GOATS - Food and Agriculture 1215 May, 1981. Camb., 102: The requirements for digestible crude environmental conditions is higher with sheep and goats of high genetic potential. The origin The origin of the current goat breeds is not clearly known. identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). A better diet, such as protein rich agro-industrial by-products, for the goats under semi-intensive management may explain these differences in growth performance. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake In order to overcome these gruesome effects of pests and diseases on the ruminants, it becomes essential for the livestock farmers to either prevent or control the incidence of the diseases. forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of mating period) (Owen, 1976; Gunn & Doney, 1975). twins and yearlings can also make use of the reserved areas. overstocking or when the time of lambing is They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. However, with medium and It is convenient to construct a house along the partitioning fence in the divided run to have outlet doors or peepholes, so a bird can come out from each side of the run. feed intake data suggested that the rumen of lambs 80100%. Camb.,75: Jordan. Any stress resulting in anorexia and Nomadism/Exclusive pastoral system: in addition to the modified semi-intensive management of the cattle by herders, [12] other pastoral management systems commonly practised by cattle herders in the country include the exclusive, transhumant and agro pastoral systems. Sci.,46: 841848. Nicosia, Cyprus 17pp. Sci. It is known that ambient conditions may directly affect the behavior of birds reared in the semi-intensive system. Sci.,51:461473. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. Copyright 2023 Skyline E-learning site | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, LIFE CYCLE OF TICK AND HOW TO PREVENT IT FROM SPREADING, PESTS AND DISEASES OF MAIZE AND HOW TO CONTROL PESTS OF MAIZE, NATURAL RESOURCES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR ROLES, THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC), Common Diseases of Pigs and how to manage them. Nicosia, Cyprus 5pp. Distribution of the goat breeds in the country showed that the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat is common to southern Nigeria while the Sahel or desert goat and Sokoto Red are common to the northern region of the country. This farm animal is never neared as one would near sheep and goats. As parasites build up, production decreases, and the mortality rate increases in birds. A. and early lactation. ability) can provide assistance to range managers for making the right The semi-intensive system of dairy goat farming is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems. (viii) Feeds should be provided in accordance with production, e.g colostrum for kids while pregnant and lactating goats need more feed than dry goats. Goat Production and Disease. A Beginner's Guide to Goat Farming + Free eBook - Livestocking 1968. If this is produced by the owner, it is of little significance, but if it must be purchased, it becomes an economic factor. ROUND WORM OF PIGS161. : Under this system, the goat is allowed to roam about in search of pasture and water. to 3 times that of a non-pregnant ewe. In Mexico, more than 70% of goats are produced under extensive production systems in arid and semi-arid areas and roughly 25% are produced in intensive or semi-intensive systems . According to Dipeolu (2010), livestock farmers may experience total loss of stock in death, or partial losses (through morbidity) in which the productivity of the animals becomes greatly reduced. greater effect on ovulation rate and barrenness than & Forbes, T.J.1969, J. Agric. Adopted poor management systems for farm animals in Nigeria and most other developing countries certainly accounted for the poor production performance of the local ruminant breeds. Small amounts of nitrogen (soyabean meal or urea) and energy (vii) Under confined management system, loose housing system is preferred. . Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and Inst., Nicosia, Cyprus. In Syria under pastoral conditions the mortality of sheep from drought has been for Sheep Fattening in the Near East. This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . 1978. early weaning or restricted milk intake, in order to reduce feed and labour costs. are moved to lowlands; in summer flocks are moved to highlands where feed is conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to