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. Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. what did American abolitionists do in 1833? I've since worked with schools and districts all over the country, helping them improve their curriculums and instruction methods. an organization founded in 1817 to move blacks to Africa, it was a nation founded in 1822 on the West African coast as a haven for former slaves; 15,000 blacks moved there over 40 years. The sermon, entitled "The South: Her Peril, and Her Duty" was delivered as part of a thanksgiving service on November 29, 1860 at the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, where Palmer was a minister. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. Was slavery the reason for the Civil War? In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. According to Fitzhugh: [I]t is clear the Athenian democracy would not suit a negro nation, nor will the government of mere law suffice for the individual negro. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. That it is inconsistent with a perfect statethat it is not absolutely a good, a blessingthe most strenuous defender of slavery ought not to permit himself to deny" (White 1911, p. 298). If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. This entry includes 2 subentries: 6 (June 1860): 401409. Recent post: Who Is The Catholic Bishop Of South Dakota? In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). The Slavery Apologists The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. The popularity of tanning rose in the early twentieth century, when bronzed skin signaled a life of leisure, not labor. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the U.S. Constitution? The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. It is impossible under the deadly hatred which must spring up between the two great nations, if the present causes are permitted to operate unchecked, that we should continue under the same political system. The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific. Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. I'm passionate about helping people achieve their dreams, and I believe that education is the key to unlocking everyone's potential. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. . Even northern theologians agreed on the necessary subordination of women: Charles Hodge, who held an influential position at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote We believe that the general good requires us to deprive the whole female sex of the right of self-government.. . no, overspeculation and the purchase of too many slaves forced many into debt; slaves were also expensive and the system was overly reliant upon one crop. Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. What arguments does Fitzhugh use to promote slavery? were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. What justification, after all, did white landowners have to enslave Africans except that slavery was a source of cheap labor? Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because it, The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the, The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. . ITHAKA. It afforded greater long-term security In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was. was cotton an important factor of the economy? Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? . Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. Johnson, Thomas Cary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. The New South 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? The Constitution itself had four clauses that indirectly addressed slavery and the slave trade though it did not actually use those terms. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? Extolling "our faith that the negro is one blood with us," Thornwell goes on to admit that slavery itself may not be a perfect system: "Slavery is a part of the curse which sin has introduced into the world and stands in the same general relation to Christianity as poverty, sickness, disease and death. With the rise of democracy during the Jacksonian era in the 1830s, enslavers worried about the power of the majority. . He is but a grown up child and must be governed as a child . Unable to find cheap labor from other sources, white settlers increasingly turned to slaves imported from Africa. Having slavery gave poor white farmers a feeling of social superiority over blacks. Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. Some prominent proslavery southern politicians, such as William L. Yancey of Alabama and John Slidell of Louisiana, were either raised in the North or northerners by birth. He says slavery was a patriarchal institution So were polygamy & circumcision. Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. The Historian Behind Slavery Apologists Like Kanye West promin, Slavery children who required constant supervision. 1830s Area in the south that was a hotbed for cotton production. In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? How did the Confederate States of Americas constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America? Teaching with Reveal Digitals American Prison Newspapers Collection, attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, Proslavery Christianity After the Emancipation, The River Basin Surveys Preserved American Prehistory, Unmaking a Priest: The Rite of Degradation, Celebrating Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, The Strange Career of the Lady Possum of the New World, To Get Help for Sick Kids, Mothers Wrote to Washington. The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. Tolbert County, Maryland How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. . In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. The practice took hold in the English colonies in North America, too. In his famous thanksgiving sermon in New Orleans in November 1860, the Presbyterian minister Benjamin Morgan Palmer (18181902) stated bluntly, "I throw off the yoke of this union as readily as did our ancestors the yoke of King George III, and for causes immeasurably stronger than those pleaded in their celebrated declaration" (Palmer 1860, p. 14). In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. What does the Anaconda strategy refer to quizlet? [Solved] (2022) being unable to own or operate small businesses. 299300). Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they, they wanted to be slaveholders themselves. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. He would become an insufferable burden to society. Many Southerners compared their cause to that of the American Revolution of nearly a century earlier, and religious leaders eagerly helped popularize that notion.