Antonella Campanini, "The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth". Mark Strage described these years as "the happiest of her entire life". WebBorn into the one of the great families of the Italian Renaissance, Clarice Orsini was the daughter of Jacopo Orsini of Monterotondo, a man whose family had made its fortune as mercenaries. Henry allowed Catherine almost no political influence as queen. In 1568, she was beaten, punched and had her hair pulled out by Catherine and her brother Charles after a secret affair with Henry of Guise. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada. The death of her husband's older brother in 1536 made Henry and Catherine next in line for the throne. Then he set about the business of finding her a husband.[16]. Catherine de' Medici was born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici[7] on 13 April 1519 in Florence, Republic of Florence, the only child of Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and his wife, Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, the countess of Boulogne. On 11 April 1572, the wedding contract was signed, and Henry headed for France to be reunited with his mother and his new bride. She was not primarily responsible for the more far-reaching Treaty of Saint-Germain (August 1570), but she succeeded in disgracing the Guises. For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Catherines second great political crisis came with the premature death on December 5, 1560, of Francis II, whose royal authority the Guises had monopolized. Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Joan became even sicker, and she died, shortly before her son arrived, on 9 June. Catherine visited the deathbed of Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, after he was fatally wounded by an arquebus shot. WebCatherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orlans, the future Henry II of France, in Marseille on 28 October 1533. Upon the death of her brother Henry in 1589, her husband became the King of France and she the Queen. In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the treaty of Joinville with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics". Elizabeth I was treated with similar suspicionshe too entertained questionable characters (such as her advisor, John Dee), and produced no official heir. The Untold Truth Of Catherine De Medici My name is Moniek and I am from the Netherlands. Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. Omissions? Notify me of follow-up comments by email. The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. [130] As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel, she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis. Clarice de' Medici On 34 April 1559, Henry signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis with the Holy Roman Empire and England, ending a long period of Italian Wars. Catherine de Medici I've never thought that, as they say, you eat little children. Babelon, Jean-Pierre. Rumours immediately spread that Catherine had ordered Joans death, but she had nothing to gain the wedding contract had already been signed. Elisabeth had died, in a most Christian manner dressed in the habit of Saint-Franois, preceded to heaven by the child she carried who had received the holy water of the sacred baptism. Upon hearing the news of her daughters death, Catherine withdrew without a word to her private chapel. He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. [69], Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages. [115], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. Catherine de' Medici Catherine, who was said to have received the news without emotion, made a tearful visit to Coligny and promised to punish his attacker. The complexity of Catherines position during these years cannot be briefly explained. [134] The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, knocked him half out of the saddle. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". Is Queen Margot a true story? - TimesMojo After her brother's premature death in 1519, she educated his daughter Catherine, the future Queen of France . Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. Catherines dowry was considered too small and alliances between royalty and merchant families like the Medicis, however rich, were still unusual. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [13] Clement had no choice but to crown Charles of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor in return for his help in retaking the city. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. [93] On her return to Paris in 1579, she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds. She was born at the royal Chteau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where she spent her childhood alongside her sisters, the princesses Elisabeth and Claude. By 1610, the school patronised by the late Valois court and brought to its pinnacle by Franois Clouet had all but died out. Claude was described with the words, In her beauty she resembled her mother, in her knowledge and kindness she resembled her aunt; and the people of Lorraine found her ever kind as long as she lived, as I myself have seen when I went to that country; and after her death they found much to say of her. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. Philip II excused himself from the occasion. "[90] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. His dying words were "oh, my mother" The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. [47] As a result, when Francis died on 5 December 1560, the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France (gouvernante de France), with sweeping powers. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. On 24 June 1556, Catherine gave birth to twin daughters Joan and Victoire. Catherines first great political crisis came in July 1559 upon the accidental death of Henry II, a traumatic bereavement from which it is doubtful that she ever recovered. [32] Catherine brought her up with her own children at the French court, while Mary of Guise governed Scotland as her daughter's regent.[33]. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. There is so much treachery about that I die of fear. Most of the Orsini men were soldiers, a profession which allowed them to amass huge territories around Rome and Naples. "[72] When Jeanne did come to court, Catherine pressured her hard,[73] playing on Jeanne's hopes for her beloved son. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. Catherine de Medici When Francis II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was thus granted sweeping powers. Born: April 13, 1519, in Florence, Italy. She presided over his council, decided policy, and controlled state business and patronage. Updates? However, the death of her uncle Clement on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. Over the years, Catherine gave birth to ten children of which five were daughters. Catherine De Medici He sought the support of France's constitutional bodies and worked closely with Catherine to defend the law in the face of the growing anarchy. It is also necessary to understand this political struggle of the Catholic crown with its own ultramontane extremists and to perceive its fluctuations in changing circumstances, in order to realize the fundamental consistency of Catherines career. Her merciful Edict of Amboise (March 1560) was followed in May by that of Romorantin, which distinguished heresy from sedition, thereby detaching faith from allegiance. [45] Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. Henry's death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. [122], Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons, are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine's court was famous. Clarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of Frances boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Artistic, energetic, and extraverted, as well as discreet, courageous, and gay, Catherine was greatly esteemed at the dazzling court of Francis I, from which she derived both her political attitudes and her passion for building. Margaret retained her titles and was financially taken care of, and perhaps for the first time, she had a good relationship with her husband. According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine was born, her parents were "as pleased as if it had been a boy". Franois Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. Catherine's husband, now Henry II, had been cared for at age eleven by Diane de Poitiers, who was twenty years his senior. [60], In 1566, through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, and because of a long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman-controlled Moldavia, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg. His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the ftes, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. "As the daughter of the Medici," suggests French art historian Jean-Pierre Babelon, "she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died. [21] King Francis lamented, "The girl has come to me stark naked."[22]. Her essentially moderate influence was first perceptible during the Conspiracy of Amboise (March 1560), an instance of tumultuous petitioning by the Huguenot gentry, primarily against Guisard persecution in the name of the King. Princess Henriette, Princess Henriette, Princess Margaret, and Clarissa all died young, leaving Catherine with an illegitimate daughter. Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise. I have done to him what he was going to do to me. [62] Taken unawares, the court fled to Paris in disarray. Hoogvliet, 111. Henry IV was later reported to have said of Catherine: I ask you, what could a woman do, left by the death of her husband with five little children on her arms, and two families of France who were thinking of grasping the crownour own [the Bourbons] and the Guises? Catherine also made many visit in returns and Charles was said to be genuinely fond of his mother-in-law. Catherine de Medici was the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. Under Salic law, by which only males could ascend the throne, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown.[35]. "[131] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. [91] Catherine cut Margaret out of her will and never saw her again. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Catherine de' Medici's parents die when she was a baby; however, it was from separate sicknesses. Her eldest daughter was Elisabeth, and she was born on 2 April 1545. Catherine de Catherine then spent an hour trying to make Margaret presentable again. Claude died in childbirth in 1575 and Catherine was truly devastated. Clarissa Delacroix However, he denied ever providing such advice. WebCatherine and Clarissa have a very complicated relationship. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. A poem by Ronsard, engraved on its base, tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart, since Henry's real heart resides in Catherine's breast.[132]. [136][137] They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most lite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during King Charles VIII's invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was. [108] Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems. Catherine believing her daughter had died in the forest, while Clarissa never knew who her birth parents were. Clarissa Delacroix(1539-1557) was the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici and the French noble Richard Delacroix. Catherine and the king then beat her, ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair.[71]. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. She had always enjoyed her visits to Claude, and now that would never be the same. Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orlans, the future Henry II of France, in Marseille on 28 October 1533. [78], The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since. In fact, by her death, that land was filled with regrets, and M. de Lorraine mourned her so much that, though he was young when widowed of her, he would not marry again, saying he could never find her like, though could he do so he would remarry, not being disinclined. She was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298). This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak of civil war in 1562, in whichas she had predictedCatherine fell, politically, into the clutches of the extremists, because the Catholic crown might protect its Protestant subjects in law but could not defend them in arms. [117], An inventory drawn up at the Htel de la Reine after Catherine's death shows her to have been a keen collector. She travelled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority and trying to head off war. For the next thirty years, France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce.[54]. WebHenry II was the philandering king of France who carried out an affair with Kenna, lady-in-waiting to the queen of Scotland, despite already being married to Catherine de' Medici.He was an ambitious man, especially when it came to taking England, which he spent years trying to do.Following his son's marriage to Mary Stuart, Henry descended into madness
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