The Vietnam War Flashcards | Quizlet In late July 1965, Johnson doubled the number of young men to be drafted per month from 17,000 to 35,000, and on August 31, signed a law making it a crime to burn a draft card. By 1973, the number was 72,459. In January 1971, just weeks into his first term, Congressman Ron Dellums set up a Vietnam war crimes exhibit in an annex to his Congressional office. New York: Garland Publishing. The Vietnam War was costing the United States. Many Americans were also concerned about saving face in the event of disengaging from the war or, as President Richard M. Nixon later put it, "achieving Peace with Honor." At that time, only a fraction of all men of draft age were actually conscripted, but the Selective Service System office ("Draft Board") in each locality had broad discretion on whom to draft and whom to exempt where there was no clear guideline for exemption. Another source, Lift Up Your Voice Like A Trumpet: White Clergy And The Civil Rights And Antiwar Movements, 19541973 explains the story of the entire spectrum of the clergy and their involvement. "[4] For the first time in American history, the media had the means to broadcast battlefield images. The fewer numbers of soldiers as an effect of the opposition to the war also can be traced to the protests against the ROTC programs in colleges. [20], In March 1965, King first criticized the war during the Selma march when he told a journalist that "millions of dollars can be spent every day to hold troops in South Vietnam and our country cannot protect the rights of Negroes in Selma". Americans who opposed the Vietnam War were called - Brainly.com [25], King, during the year of 1966, spoke out that it was hypocritical for Black Americans to be fighting the war in Vietnam, since they were being treated as second-class citizens back home. April 27 an anti-war march in Chicago organized by. In February 1967, The New York Review of Books published "The Responsibility of Intellectuals", an essay by Noam Chomsky, one of the leading intellectual opponents of the war. After breaking with Johnson's pro-war stance, Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform. Print. Student activists at the University of California Berkeley marched on the Berkeley Draft board and forty students staged the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. New York: Pantheon Books. By Christian G. Appy. The prevailing sentiment that the draft was unfairly administered fueled student and blue-collar American opposition to the military draft. As historian Daryl Maeda notes, "the antiwar movement articulated Asian Americans' racial commonality with Vietnamese people in two distinctly gendered ways: identification based on the experiences of male soldiers and identification by women. National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam's march on the Pentagon, October 21, 1967. No. [18], By the middle of the decade, open condemnation of the war became more common, with figures like Malcolm X and Bob Moses speaking out. [80] Some leaders of anti-war groups viewed women as sex objects or secretaries, not actual thinkers who could contribute positively and tangibly to the group's goals, or believed that women could not truly understand and join the antiwar movement because they were unaffected by the draft. Author William F. Buckley repeatedly wrote about his approval for the war and suggested that "The United States has been timid, if not cowardly, in refusing to seek 'victory' in Vietnam. Some men were rejected by the military as 4-F unfit for service failing to meet physical, mental, or moral standards. In 1966, 191,749 college students enrolled in ROTC. Over 30,000 people left the country and went to Canada, Sweden, and Mexico to avoid the draft. [83], Mothers and older generations of women joined the opposition movement, as advocates for peace and people opposed to the effects of the war and the draft on the generation of young men. [69], John Lennon, former member of the Beatles, did most of his activism in his solo career with wife Yoko Ono. Opinion | What Was the Vietnam War About? - The New York Times "[75] As a result of the present factors in terms of affluence, biographical availability (defined in the sociological areas of activism as the lack of restrictions on social relationships of which most likely increases the consequences of participating in a social movement), and increasing political atmosphere across the county, political activity increased drastically on college campuses. Print. The growing anti-war movement alarmed many in the U.S. government. 1968. (Compare to "hawk.") DRV Acronym for "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (Communist North Vietnam). Protest to American participation in the Vietnam War was a movement that many popular musicians shared in, which was a stark contrast to the pro-war compositions of artists during World War II. It is important to note the Doves did not question the U.S. intentions in intervening in Vietnam, nor did they question the morality or legality of the U.S. intervention. The organization did not take a strong stand on racial issues. [21] In 1965, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) became the first major civil rights group to issue a formal statement against the war. "'The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA': Project Resistance at William and Mary". Still others joined the National Guard or entered the Peace Corps as a way of avoiding Vietnam. Of the 45% who indicated the war had affected their lives, 32% listed inflation as the most important factor, while 25% listed casualties inflicted. The resulting blow to the Johnson campaign, taken together with other factors, led the President to make a surprise announcement in a March 31 televised speech that he was pulling out of the race. The growing opposition to the Vietnam War was partly attributed to greater access to uncensored information through extensive television coverage on the ground in Vietnam. Some participants in ghetto rebellions of the era had already associated their actions with opposition to the Vietnam War, and SNCC first disrupted an Atlanta draft board in August 1966. In March, Gallup poll reported that 49% of respondents felt involvement in the war was an error. These protests led to wear on the government who tried to mitigate the tumultuous behavior and return the colleges back to normal. June 16, 2018 at 7:00 a.m. EDT. Both protests were conscious imitations of earlier (and ongoing) Buddhist protests in South Vietnam. I sat down and put myself in the middle and asked myself: Is this right or wrong? 376. Beginning in 1964, the NVA held American POWs in several prison camps in North Vietnam. African Americans involved in the antiwar movement often formed their own groups, such as Black Women Enraged, National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union, and National Black Draft Counselors. On April 19, 1972, in response to renewed escalation of bombing, students at many colleges and universities around the country broke into campus buildings and threatened strikes. "[2] The moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students, who were more likely than the general public to accuse the United States of having imperialistic goals in Vietnam and to criticize the war as "immoral. Poster advertising the Student strike of 1970. The Anti-war movement became part of a larger protest movement against the traditional American Values and attitudes. Media coverage of the war also shook the faith of citizens at home as new television brought images of wartime conflict to viewers at home. Hendrix had a huge following among the youth culture exploring itself through drugs and experiencing itself through rock music. Some Americans believed that the communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions, and others argued that the American intervention in South Vietnam interfered with the self-determination of the country and felt that the war in Vietnam was a civil war that ought to have determined the fate of the country and that America was wrong to intervene.[4]. [76], College enrollment reached 9 million by the end of the 1960s. May First anti-Vietnam War demonstration in London was staged outside the U.S. embassy. Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds, appalled by the devastation and violence of the war. Loan shot Lm in the head on a public street in Saigon, despite being in front of journalists. Vietnam War Protests: Antiwar & Protest Songs - HISTORY The majority of respondents, 55%, said that it had had no effect on their lives. As a result, black enlisted men themselves protested and began the resistance movement among veterans. "[42] Asian American groups realized in order to extinguish racism, they also had to address sexism as well. On November 15, crowds of up to half a million people participated in an anti-war demonstration in Washington, D.C. and a similar demonstration was held in San Francisco. March 17 a group of antiwar citizens marched to the Pentagon to protest American involvement in Vietnam. Zinn argues this with an example in which the soldiers in a POW camp formed a peace committee as they wondered who the enemy of the war was, because it certainly was not known among them. Vietnam War - The Nixon administration and the Vietnam War Americans who opposed the Vietnam War were called doves. - Brainly Ho Chi Minh 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable defoliants American planes sprayed these chemicals over jungles to find the Ho Chi Minh Trail Andresen, Lee. On May 15, another large demonstration, with 10,000 picketers calling for an end to the war, took place outside the White House and the. [54] For demonstrators, Carson's warnings paralleled with the United States' use of chemicals in Vietnam such as Agent Orange, a chemical compound which was used to clear forestry being used as cover, initially conducted by the United States Air Force in Operation Ranch Hand in 1962.[55]. In basic summary, each specific clergy from each religion had their own view of the war and how they dealt with it, but as a whole, the clergy was completely against the war.[49]. Meyers (2007) builds off this claim in his argument that the "relatively privileged enjoy the education and affirmation that afford them the belief that they might make a difference. Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, he argued for the immediate, unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. Opposition grew with participation by the African-American civil rights, second-wave feminist movements, Chicano Movements, and sectors of organized labor. Vietnam is a country in south-east Asia. The Black Panther Party vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Reasons for US involvement in Vietnam - The Vietnam War - National 5 Now the news. New York: Garland Publishing, pp. The military draft mobilized the baby boomers, who were most at risk, but it grew to include a varied cross-section of Americans. On April 23, 1971, Vietnam veterans threw away over 700 medals on the West Steps of the Capitol building. The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the French and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy. Many in the peace movement within the United States were children, mothers, or anti-establishment youth. Vietnam War Flashcards | Quizlet Answering press questions after addressing a Howard University audience on 2 March 1965, King asserted that the war in Vietnam was "accomplishing nothing" and called for a negotiated settlement (Schuette, "King Preaches on Non-Violence"). On October 15, 1965, the first large scale act of civil disobedience in opposition to the Vietnam War occurred when approximately 40 people staged a, In February, a group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their. The American Antiwar Movement | Encyclopedia.com At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. July 30 Gallup poll reported 52% of Americans disapproved of Johnson's handling of the war, 41% thought the U.S. made a mistake in sending troops, and over 56% thought the U.S. was losing the war or at an impasse. By November 1967, American troop strength in Vietnam was approaching 500,000 and U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. If America's soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read "Vietnam.". We expressed our fear that in so doing, America would back into a war. Published: March 27, 2020 at 3:55 pm. African-American leaders of earlier decades like W. E. B. On November 2, 32-year-old Quaker Norman Morrison set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon. ", Various committees and campaigns for peace in Vietnam came about, including Campaign for Disarmament, Campaign to End the Air War, Campaign to Stop Funding the War, Campaign to Stop the Air War, Catholic Peace Fellowship, and, Concerned Americans Abroad, London-based group established by, Aaron Fountain "The War in the Schools: San Francisco Bay Area High Schools and the AntiVietnam War Movement, 19651973" pp. The largest and most organized anti-war movement in American history arose during the Vietnam War. Common antiwar demonstrations for college students featured attempts to sever ties between the war machine and universities through burning draft cards, protesting universities furnishing grades to draft boards, and protesting military and Dow Chemical job fairs on campus. [74] His central thesis is that the World Wars and Great Depression spawned a 'beat generation' refusing to conform to mainstream American values which lead to the emergence of the [Hippies] and the counterculture. By 1967, according to Gallup polls, an increasing majority of Americans considered military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake, echoed decades later by the then-head of American war planning, former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.[1]. Zinn argues this by stating, "Student protests against the ROTC resulted in the canceling of those programs in over forty colleges and universities. New York: Oxford University Press. Tim Page . The last 22% were unsure. Although this song was not on music charts probably because it was too radical, it was performed at many public events including the famous Woodstock music festival (1969). The result was the fiercest fighting of the war. Vietnam War | Facts, Summary, Years, Timeline, Casualties - Britannica The execution provided an iconic image that helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war. "[48] There is a relationship and correlation between theology and political opinions and during the Vietnam War, the same relationship occurred between feelings about the war and theology. Beyond opposition to the draft, anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against U.S. involvement in Vietnam. [22] SNCC had special significance as a nexus between the student movement and the black movement. While the Tet Offensive provided the U.S. and allied militaries with a great victory in that the Viet Cong was finally brought into open battle and destroyed as a fighting force, the American media, including respected figures such as Walter Cronkite, interpreted such events as the attack on the American embassy in Saigon as an indicator of U.S. military weakness. Downey. [NYT, 2/14/68] In another poll that month, 23% of Americans defined themselves as "doves" and 61% "hawks. A UK Foreign Office report claimed that the rioting had been organized by 100 members of the German SDS who were "acknowledged experts in methods of riot against the police.". The reasons behind American opposition to the Vietnam War fell into several main categories: opposition to the draft; moral, legal, and pragmatic arguments against U.S. intervention; and reaction to the media portrayal of the devastation in Southeast Asia. Protest against the War in Vietnam. Female soldiers serving in Vietnam joined the movement to battle the war and sexism, racism, and the established military bureaucracy by writing articles for antiwar and antimilitary newspapers. Citing public polling data on protests during the war he claimed that: "The American public turned against the Vietnam War not because it was persuaded by the radical and liberal left that it was unjust, but out of sensitivity to its rising costs. "[43] This band was so against the imperialistic actions of the United States, that they supported the Vietnamese people vocally through their song 'War of the Flea'. [57] However, of over 5,000 Vietnam War-related songs identified to date, many took a patriotic, pro-government, or pro-soldier perspective. [107] The statement of one of the soldiers reads, Until we got to the first camp, we didn't see a village intact; they were all destroyed. Another nineteen cards were burnt on May 22 at a demonstration following the Berkeley teach-in. 1969. Protests grew after the Kent State shootings, radicalizing more and more students. They held numerous sit-ins, one where they first introduced their song "Give Peace a Chance". During marches, Asian American activists carried banners that read "Stop the Bombing of Asian People and Stop Killing Our Asian Brothers and Sisters. Resisters expected to be prosecuted immediately, but Attorney General Ramsey Clark instead prosecuted a group of ringleaders including Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin, Jr. in Boston in 1968. Opposition To The Vietnam War: How The Conflict Split America These newfound skills combined with their dislike of sexism within the opposition movement caused many women to break away from the mainstream antiwar movement and create or join women's antiwar groups, such as Another Mother for Peace, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), and Women Strike for Peace (WSP), also known as Women For Peace. [25] One of his arguments was that many white middle-class men avoided the draft by college deferments, but his greatest defense was that the arms race and the Vietnam War were taking much needed resources away from the civil rights movement and the War on Poverty. New York. [61] He did, however, protest the violence that took place in the Vietnam War. In October 1967, Stop the Draft Week resulted in major clashes at the. To pursue this goal of winning the "Hearts and Minds" of the Vietnamese people, units of the United States Army, referred to as "Civil Affairs" units, were used extensively for the first time since World War II. Writers and poets opposed to involvement in the war included Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, Robert Duncan, and Robert Bly. The transcripts describe alleged details of U.S. military's conduct in Vietnam. he says 'evil man make me kill you make you kill me although we're only families apart. Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war, but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war. Tor Egil Frland, in his article "Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist", quotes Todd Gitlin, a leader of a student movement at the time, in saying "Whether he liked it or not, Dylan sang for us. [77][78] From 1969 to 1970, student protesters attacked 197 ROTC buildings on college campuses. Folk and Rock were critical aspects of counterculture during the Vietnam War[67] both were genres that Dylan would dabble in. Superior: Savage Press, 2000. The clergy were often forgotten though throughout this opposition. "Peaceful Antiwar Protests Held Here And in Other Cities Across the Nation", John Darnton, Debenedette, Charles. In May 1954, preceding the later Quaker protests but "just after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu, the Service Committee bought a page in The New York Times to protest what seemed to be the tendency of the USA to step into Indo-China as France stepped out. Graphic footage of casualties on the nightly news eliminated any myth of the glory of war. Witnesses described that legal, by-the-book instruction was augmented by more questionable training by non-commissioned officers as to how soldiers should conduct themselves. Vietnam War ", March 17 Major rally outside the U.S. Embassy in London's Grosvenor Square turned to a riot with 86 people injured and over 200 arrested. "Social Movement Participation: Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement." "No War, No Welfare, and No Damm Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 19681972", in Gilbert, Marc Jason (ed). Eugene McCarthy ran against him for the nomination on an anti-war platform. By the early 1970s, most student protest movements died down due to President Nixon's de-escalation of the war, the economic downturn, and disillusionment with the powerlessness of the antiwar movement. After a while it just got to me.[108]. Some of frustrations of younger women became apparent during the antiwar movement: they desired more radical change and decreased acceptance of societal gender roles than older women activists. [24] This speech also showed how bold King could be when he condemned U.S. "aggression" in Vietnam; and this is considered a milestone in King's critiques against imperialism and militarism. Most of the POWs were treated badly. Draft evasion in the Vietnam War - Wikipedia Intellectual growth and gaining a liberal perspective at college caused many students to become active in the antiwar movement. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSmall1992 (, Fountain, Aaron "The War in the Schools: San Francisco Bay Area High Schools and the AntiVietnam War Movement, 19651973" p. 33, Tygart, "Social Movement Participation: Clergy and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement", Henderson, David. opposition to traditional values. They left on December 28, following issuance of a Federal Court order. On the morning of March 16, 1968, U.S. Army soldiers entered a Vietnamese hamlet named My Lai 4 on a search-and-destroy mission in a region controlled by Viet Cong forces that the Army referred to. [2], Protests bringing attention to "the draft" began on May 5, 1965. Regardless of medium, antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans to think more critically about the war. He also announced the initiation of the Paris Peace Negotiations with Vietnam in that speech. [20] They harshly criticized the draft because poor and minority men were usually most affected by conscription. Another aspect of the group's prevalence was the support of the Japanese Community Youth Center, members of the Asian Community Center, student leaders of Asian American student unions, etc. [28], Black antiwar groups opposed the war for similar reasons as white groups, but often protested in separate events and sometimes did not cooperate with the ideas of white antiwar leadership. By Elizabeth Becker . Both Boggs and Kochiyama were inspired by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and "a growing number of Asian Americans began to push forward a new era in radical Asian American politics. The French Indochina War broke out in 1946 and went on for eight years, with France's war . Guttmann, Allen. Conscientious objectors played an active role despite their small numbers. 339. "[4] The hawks claimed that the liberal media was responsible for the growing popular disenchantment with the war and blamed the western media for losing the war in Southeast Asia as communism was no longer a threat for them. In April and May 1971, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright, held a series of 22 hearings (referred to as the Fulbright Hearings) on proposals relating to ending the war. South Vietnamese reports provided as justification after the fact claimed that Lm was captured near the site of a ditch holding as many as thirty-four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom were the families of General Loan's deputy and close friend. "[66], Along with singer-songwriter Phil Ochs, who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as "I Ain't Marching Anymore" and "The War Is Over", another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was Bob Dylan. [34], Many Asian-Americans were strongly opposed to the Vietnam War. Gallup Vault: Hawks vs. Doves on Vietnam [82] Despite the inequalities, participation in various antiwar groups allowed women to gain experience with organizing protests and crafting effective antiwar rhetoric. Opposition to Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Vietnam War protests at the University of Michigan, Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War, role of the United States in the Vietnam War, United States news media and the Vietnam War, National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam, News media and the Vietnam War Tet Offensive, 1968, Battle of Hu Impact on American public opinion, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. "Crowd Battles LAPD as War Protest Turns Violent", Bliss, Edward Jr.(1991). At an SDS-organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966, SNCC Chair Stokely Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. "Protesters Fail to Stop Congress, Police Seize 1,146", James M. McNaughton. Star Wars Was a Vietnam War Allegory - CBR There were a number of long-term and short-term reasons to explain why the USA became involved in Vietnam in the late 1950s. [10] Donovan ended his editorial by writing the war was "not worth winning", as South Vietnam was "not absolutely imperative" to maintain American interests in Asia, which made it impossible "to ask young Americans to die for". "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random", The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, List of Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War, Lists of protests against the Vietnam War, Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, The Ultimate Confrontation: The Flower and the Bayonet, National Convocation on the Challenge of Building Peace, Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War. On the Significance of Citizen Peace Activism: America, 19611975,' in Hixson, Walter (ed) the Vietnam Antiwar Movement.
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