2006; Minasny et al. The list is intended to identify scientists and social scientists who have demonstrated significant community influence through their publication of multiple papers frequently cited by their peers during the last decade. The correlation between the rates of self-citation to and from the highly cited papers of each researcher was calculated and was highly significant within every field. Overall, our interest is in maximising our understanding of the data and the status of outliers, which comes through multiple perspectives, rather than with the technical rightness or wrongness of any specific visualisation. Given the refereeing system that controls the quality of the scientific literature in the better known journals, the high publication count could be achieved only if the person had a lot to say that was at least marginally significant. different disciplines and time periods so it cannot be used effectively to compare entities that are in different subjects or years. Glnzel, W., Debackere, K., Thijs, B., & Schubert, A. Thus, an articles focus on Covid-19 seems to be a primary driver of increased citations for these articles compared to those that do not deal with a Covid-19 related topic. In the United States, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and allocates 940 million dollars to the National Institute of Health (NIH) to be used for funding Covid-19 research [16]. Brooks, T. A. The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for the current year (data is updated six times a year). This term is used to denote any fixed fraction of top papers ordered by citation count. That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. ISBN 978-84-9048-519-4. Arxiv preprint. table reveals that papers from 2011 that received at least 14 citations fall in the 10% percentile of papers in Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4571(2000)9999:9999%3c:AID-ASI1542%3e3.0.CO;2-T. Wilhite, A. W., & Fong, E. A. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117738903. Negative binomial regression output reporting independent variable effects on citation count, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. [23], Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research. The dataset used for this analysis was the Web of Science list of Highly Cited Researchers for 2019. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers The patterns of self-citation rates suggest a very broad cultural consensus about the balance between building on ones own work and recognising the influence of others. Citations are widely considered to be an indicator of a published works significance but how can an analyst confirm whether a high citation count for an individual is a genuine reflection mark of influence or a consequence of other factors such as extraordinary, even excessive, self-referencing? According to the Web of Science Science Citation Index Expanded (WOS), which includes more than 8,300 journals across 150 scientific disciplines, nearly 200,000 Covid-19 related papers were published or presented in 24 months between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 [5]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-1716-2. The linear analysis provides an accessible dataset for initial interpretation of citation rates. 2010; Ladle et al. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.1363. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089193. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148257. Ramanathan D. Kadirvel, Affiliation: Although the trajectory changes and the range extends beyond the high threshold there is no break with the overall distribution. Level of Evidence: 4 Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. When comparing Covid-19 papers and the 1:1 randomized sample of non-Covid-19 papers, the median citation decreases from 21.63 to 20.1 for non-Covid-19 citations and the citation ratio between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers climbs to 6.01 (p = <0.001). Science,335(6068), 542543. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Kacem et al. 2014; Chorus and Waltman 2016; Heneberg 2016; Yang et al. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(2), 102105. Finally, articles containing the keywords Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for Covid-19-related articles. Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. Authorship and citation manipulation in academic research. While originality and priority are goals for scientists, self-promotion at the cost of disinterestedness and humility was to Merton, and is today, a violation at least in terms of community ideals if not always in reality (Macfarlane and Cheng 2008; Anderson et al. The field-specific self-citation profiles, showing a data point for each Highly Cited Researcher and following the style of Fig. This earnest for more knowledge is further bolstered by increased government funding for Covid-19 research. 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221212. [18] The best-known measures include the h-index[19] and the g-index. The linear thresholds were therefore plotted on the log-plots rather than calculating a log-normal value which would have been very inclusive with few indicative outliers. 22. As will be seen below, this paper concentrates on author self-citation rather than co-author, or all-author to all-author, self-citation (following the approach of Kacem et al. White, H. D. (2001). The battle to define the meaning of a citation. Garfield, E. (1979). The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. Using information provided in Clarivate's 2020 Journal Citation Reports [] published on June 30, 2021, the top three journals by impact factor were selected from eight scientific categories as defined by WOS.Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that field . [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Scientometrics. For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. It will be noted in the Figs. Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.[17]. 2006). Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). The average for the ESI Mathematics is, in fact, a high outlier itself, for both self-referencing and even more for self-citing. What do citations count? Otherwise, the person would be forced into publishing in obscure journals. Bartneck, C., & Kokkelmans, S. (2011). You can find an article's field normalized citation metrics in either iCite or Scopus. Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. The log plots provide an informative analysis for outlier detection. van Raan, A. F. J. The identification of a fixed fraction, such as the upper decile, as outliers is evidently inappropriate. The number of researchers selected for the field is based on the square root of the population of unique authors listed on the fields highly cited papers (Price 1971; Egghe 1987). The average citation per article for these publications was 8.1. This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. Citation Rates - Clarivate Types of items Journals included Time periods for counts Average Citation Rates Thresholds Types of items counted Papers are defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. In a graphical analysis, the location of the outliers is readily compared to the location (and shape) of the inter-quartile range as a ready indicator of the degree of departure from typical behaviour. Science Studies,1(1), 9599. Appendix (Figs. Though our method of locating Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers in the selected journals was more expedient, manual scouring of the journals themselves over the 24 months would have optimized both the sensitivity and specificity of locating and comparing the most comprehensive list of publications possible. Journal of Education and Social Policy,2, 7579. Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887. Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication. How much is too much? [12] Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.[12]. Select the "Cited by" link and selecting the "Search within articles citingXYZ work" checkbox to discover the impact of a work. 2006; Hendrix 2009; Costas et al. Merton, R. K. (1942). The extended verification and manual curation applied to these data has enabled us to focus with some accuracy on the citation behaviour that is revealed and, since this group necessarily includes a high proportion of leading and influential researchers, the behaviour reflected in these data may be taken as a signal of established cultural norms. Thijs, B., & Glnzel, W. (2006). So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5 CINAHL offers a Cited References feature that provides a list of citations that cite a particular publication in the CINAHL database. Data were analyzed with R software version 4.1.2 [10] using the packages (Rcmdr) [11] and (glm2) [12]. Glnzel, W., Thijs, B., & Schlemmer, B. American Sociological Review,22(6), 635659. Journals, especially to game the impact factor (Rousseau 1999; Frandsen 2007; Yu and Wang 2007; Campanario 2011; Wilhite and Fong 2012; Yu et al. reported that on average, delayed OAJs had citation rates twice as high as TAJs, and 3 times as high as immediate OAJs [9]. 's (2016) paper. The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric meso-indicators: The case of European universities. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. By comparison, there are points on a higher trajectory and, while these were largely between the low and high statistical indicators, some exceed the high indicative outlier threshold value.
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