then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. 1 Explain that it more of a philosophical concept that was important prior to the development of modern science. {\displaystyle (p_{1},p_{2},p_{3},E)} We also assume that the universe obeys a number of physical laws. The separation of the mirrors is L, and the clock ticks once each time the light pulse hits a given mirror. The formula for determining time dilation is: t = t 1 v2 / c2. The two postulates of special relativity are: answer choices. If velocity appears to be different, then duration of time appears to be different. What is the distance from Earth to the moon? 1 8 3 The student is expected to: (4) Science concepts. 2. Various English translations on Wikisource: This page was last edited on 9 March 2023, at 08:04. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? 30 seconds. (See Figure 10.4). Modern relativity is based on Einstein's two postulates. This highlights a fundamental difference between spacetime and the ordinary xyz space in which we live. { "10.01:_An_Old_and_a_New_Axiom" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10.02:_Consequences_of_Einstein\'s_Postulates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10.E:_Einstein\'s_Postulates_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Classical_Mechanics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Momentum" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Rotational_Motion_Torque_and_Angular_Momentum" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_General_Planar_Motion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_General_Rotational_Motion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Oscillations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Waves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Einstein\'s_Postulates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Lorentz_Transformations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Spacetime_Diagrams" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Position_Energy_and_Momentum_in_Special_Relativity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Relativistic_Collisions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Relativistic_Forces_and_Waves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Appendices" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 10.2: Consequences of Einstein's Postulates, [ "article:topic", "Michelson-Morley experiment", "license:ccbyncsa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:tidema", "Lorentz contraction", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://textbooks.open.tudelft.nl/textbooks/catalog/book/14" ], https://phys.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FUniversity_Physics%2FBook%253A_Mechanics_and_Relativity_(Idema)%2F10%253A_Einstein's_Postulates%2F10.02%253A_Consequences_of_Einstein's_Postulates, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), source@https://textbooks.open.tudelft.nl/textbooks/catalog/book/14. 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity | Texas Gateway Even so, classically they can only travel about 650 m before half of them are gone, and almost none will reach the surface of the earth. In 1887, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley designed the interferometer shown in Figure 10.2 to measure the speed of Earth through the ether. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, When the speed of one frame of reference past another reaches the speed of light, a time interval between two events at the same location in one frame appears shorter when measured from the second frame. 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity - Physics | OpenStax In Galilean relativity, if two events are simultaneous, we consider them to be simultaneous in all reference frames. The classical way of thinking about simultaneity is so ingrained in our everyday habits that we have a great deal of difficulty adjusting to what special relativity has to say about this subject. Special relativity applies to Minkowski space, or "flat spacetime" (phenomena which are not influenced by gravitation).. Einstein knew that some weaknesses had been . Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. 2 The second postulate upon which Einstein based his theory of special relativity deals with the speed of light. ) This is the wavelength. ( Second, the right side of equation (\ref{4.3}) has a minus sign rather than a plus sign. This lecture on light summarizes the most important facts about the speed of light. In a surprising number of cases, the laws of physics in special relativity (such as the famous equation To continue the discussion, you could tell them about how light is refracted when it changes speed as it passes from one medium to another. In most cases, the new theory is built on the foundation of older theory. To see what Michelson and Morley expected to find when they measured the speed of light in two directions, watch this animation. How does your measured value of the speed of light compare to the accepted value (% error)? The logical possibility of a Hertzian theory shows that Einstein's two standard postulates (without the bridging hypothesis) are not sufficient to allow us to arrive uniquely at the solution of special relativity (although special relativity might be considered the most minimalist solution). It is the first postulate of the special theory of relativity. , , We recommend using a Special relativity - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia p For if gravitational fields do play an essential part in the structure of the particles of matter, the transition to the limiting case of constant g would, for them, lose its justification, for indeed, with constant g there could not be any particles of matter. People might describe distances differently, but at relativistic speeds, the distances really are different. 1 In the above notation, this means that. A man (observer B) standing on the platform is facing the woman and also observes the flashes of light. A break in Einstein's logic occurs where, after having established "the law of the constancy of the speed of light" for empty space, he invokes the law in situations where space is no longer empty. Legal. [AL]Be sure students understand that this animation does not explain how light behaves. - Einsteins light postulate tells us that all observers measure the speed of light to be the same. Einsteins great contribution was to discover the laws that tell us how the world looks from reference frames moving at high speeds relative to each other. Relativistic effects, meaning those that have to do with special relativity, usually become significant when speeds become comparable to the speed of light. The high intensity sections are one-half wavelength apart. Einstein's formulation is said to only require two postulates, though his derivation implies a few more assumptions. All of the observed facts about spacetime can be derived from two postulates: where \(X\), \(T\), and \(I\) are defined in figure 4.4. m/s , For small (compared to c) values of \(v\) the value of \(\gamma (v)\) is very close to one, which is why the effects of special relativity hardly ever show up in everyday life. No experiments after that of Michelson and Morley were able to detect any ether medium. (The Library of Congress). High temperature: Very hot temperatures are encountered in this lab. The main consequence of the minus sign in equation (\ref{4.3}) is that \(\mathrm{I}^{2}\) can be negative and therefore I can be imaginary. 3 The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. If Earth is traveling through the ether as it orbits the sun, the peaks in one arm would take longer than in the other to reach the same location. Einstein took a more radical approach, dropping the concept of the aether altogether, and replacing it with his two postulates, which have Lorentz contraction as one of their consequences. 1. Just as collocation depends on ones reference frame, this result shows that simultaneity also depends on the reference frame. If Michelson and Morley had observed the interference pattern shift in their interferometer, what would that have indicated? Block-1-1 - Good - Block 1 THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY - Studocu When the speed of one frame of reference past another becomes comparable to the speed of light, a time interval between two events at the same location in one frame appears longer when measured from the second frame.
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