The neural substrates underlying handwriting are still not well understood because there are a number of brain areas which interact and which are responsible for various aspects of the ability to write. Is a projective personality test, that lets you know someone's temperament, genetic factors that lead our behaviors, biological basis, and character. The assessment elements were concentrated on the pressure line and the spatial setting. denounced in graphology a poor reliability on the assessment of personality traits and the prediction of achievement success in the workplace [105]. What is GRAPHOLOGY? The usefulness of these parameters resides in assessing now, the will of the testators handwriting, by then, before his death, the mental condition of a deceased person. Linderman M, Lebedev MA, Erlichman JS (2009) Recognition of Handwriting from Electromyography. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. Our intent is therefore to start an effective collaboration in order to enhance the tribute of graphology as a social science to psychological speculation. psychology. The researchers started from the general assumption to seize beneficial effects through the use of this writing, particularly on children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity enhancing cognitive abilities, or the recovery of cognitive abilities in patients with Alzheimers disease. Graumann HM (1983) History and principles of graphology. It is possible to monitor the handwriting in itinere, that is, at separate times, taking into account the variables that can act and intervene on the human soul. The discrepancy between dissimilar opinions constitutes a stimulus to deepen studies and verifications concerning the complementary use of graphology between the techniques of investigation into the psychological characteristics of the person. Graphology is a discipline that investigates personality and intellect of the individual through writing, indeed handwriting of the human being is an expression of his or her essence. Carl Gustav Jung (1996) Tipi psicologici. People who are into psychology and want to explore a . Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Already Teillard Ania in addition to the pressure of the tract had identified as characteristics of a mood inflection that the letters were presented through the acute form, garland, the letters were smaller in the middle zone of the handwriting and the diacritical mark in the letter t had a course oriented to the right [3]. Among the best-known examples, the test of Inkblots of Rorschach is most fitting [16]. They are the expression of the ancestral experience of man. Returning to the source of the frontal writing centre hypothesis. The writing is, of course, less qualified, less elaborate, but to the skilled eye is exactly the same and shows the same characteristics, the same details and the same trends of the person that has been object of specific interest and expertise from graphology [101]. This point of view was regarded with some favour by important psychologists such as Gordon Allport and Philip E. Vernon that refer to it in the Treaty Studies in Expressive Movement [39]. APA Dictionary of Psychology correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. Stoodley C, Schmahmann J (2009) Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. It is primarily viewed as a pseudoscience and is controversial regarding its validity as a projective personality test. These psychoanalysts starting to work together agreed on the existence of a hidden and inaccessible part of consciousness in the human soul: The Unconscious, however from a certain moment onwards their paths began to diverge. Graphology finds possibility of application in various areas such as orientation to the study, personnel selection, calligraphic expertise, handwriting effect in conditions affecting the neuromuscular system. Moving beyond the observation that the neural substrates underlying brain structures involved in handwriting process represent an equally intriguing yet elusive concept, Platon and co-workers described studies that have managed to move toward a greater understanding of the neural system contributing to written language productions [90]. The act of writing, then, follows temporal dimensions related to the more or less rapid succession of letters, not apart from temporal conditions with different trends. He applied himself, among other things, to the study of the relationships between the handwriting and the physical features of the person conceiving a real system of measurement expressed in decimal classification. The traditional screening methods are not able to tell you about a person's hidden attributes. In 2003, Furnham, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Callahan have demonstrated from their studies a certain estrangement between graphology and assessment of intelligence and personality [108]. In fact, the acquisition of skills for writers involves learning the shape of the letters that embodied in a perceptual component and the ability to draw the trajectory that produces the shape of the letter and which constitutes the graphomotor component [57, 70]. Important characteristics of graphological studies are considered the harmony and disharmony levels of handwriting such as the reflection of the balance degree of the writer. Graphologists use their skills to analyse the genetic characteristics of a person as well as their behaviour, traits and thought patterns. For graphologists the handwriting is one of those non-verbal forms of expression that underlie mental mechanisms a more or less conscious to the individual. Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. Graphology is the analysis of handwriting with attempt to determine someone's personality traits. strm J, Thorell LH (2008) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: II. The Science of Graphology - Graphology First of all, it is necessary to collect a handwriting sample with the largest number of alphabetical letters including a span of words ranging from 5 to 100, written using a pen on a white leaf that is devoid of graphs and lines. Because psychology is the science of the mind and behavior, it makes logical sense that psychological methods lacking scientific evidence would be disregarded. These psychic contents, inhabitants of the deepest layers of the human soul, gradually rise to an identical meaning for all the individuals of a particular stock, nation, religion, ethnicity. Graphology is defined as "The art that expects to find out, due to the characteristics of letters, some of the psychological traits of the writer". The handwriting process consists of hands stereotyped movements involving two basic motor components, that is, holding firmly a pen with fingers and moving hand and fingers to produce a text. (2014) Calligraphy and meditation for stress reduction: an experimental comparison. Sakurai Y, Onuma Y, Nakazawa G, Ugawa Y, Momose T et al. Bern. Grafton ST, Fadiga L, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G (1997) Premotor Cortex Activation during Observation and Naming of Familiar Tools. In contrast, Ben-Shakhar et al. Gradually it has been possible to ascertain on how many and such fields of studies the graphological approaches have been engaged comparing them with opinions and feedbacks from the academic and scientific world. . Okamura T, Fukai M, Yamadori A, Hidari M, Asaba H et al. The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. We have gradually focused on the description of the various fields with which, over time until today, the graphologists have dealt according to experimental and epistemological methodologies along a spectrum that ranges from studies on the character, the neuronal and biological correlates, the use in the forensic field, until to the contributions to career counseling and personnel selection. Klages founded at Monaco an institute for the study of characterological psychology [5]. Even Confucius, in the year 500 A. D. made reference to the action of writing as moved by the spirit of man in the same way in which a reed sways in the wind. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. Like drawing, writing according to the techniques of graphological investigations illustrates a unique and unrepeatable way in every human being that is expressed more and more in the course of life in a spontaneous manner and through which the unconscious connotations of the human soul are projected. Sepapaja tn 6, Harju maakond Graphology: Definition, Explanation, Purpose & Examples English Graphology Graphology Graphology 5 Paragraph Essay A Hook for an Essay APA Body Paragraph Context Essay Outline Evidence Harvard Hedging Language Used in Academic Writing MHRA Referencing MLA Opinion Opinion vs Fact Plagiarism Quotations Restate Summarize Summary Works Cited The action of writing represents a spatial, temporal and symbolic activity which imprints on the leaf surface a track with rhythms, pressures and energy of its own. Churchill Livingstone. Urbani P (2004) Processo alla grafologia: magia, arte o scienza? Handwritings analysis of these persons has also allowed the identification of a capacity not yet developed, and to invest in the right direction [21, 38]. Through her contribution entitled The soul and handwriting new horizons have been opened for graphology combining in an original way the first and in particular the spatial symbolism of Pulver with the depth psychology and the Jungs theory of psychological types. Graphology is a stylistic instrument which makes Ushie's writing peculiarity, an illustrating example of style as deviation from the actual linguistic norm. ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. In our opinion, same subjects can be assessed from the point of view of their handwriting productions at different times, which refer to different conditions. The monitoring consisted in the measurement of respiratory rate, EMG signs and heart rate. The author mentions terms such as graphotherapy and palmistry named in the book of Watson. It began in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte MIchon, and it is still popular in Europe, especially France. Referring to Bell hypothesis, a few years later, McNeal affirmed that handwriting reflects the personality of the writer and graphological signs provide valuable information about the person; the author elaborated a procedure of handwriting analysis that included the evaluation of three aspects related to handwriting [15]. Sappington J, Money M (2003) Sex, Gender Role, Attribution of Pathology, and Handwriting Tidiness. In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. With regard to written production the specific function of this area is playing a role in allographic processing. Graphology - Psychologist World
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