(2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder among college student victims of acquaintance assault: Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality Vol 8(1-2) 1995, 79-92. Relationships of sexual imposition, dyadic trust, and sensation seeking with sexual risk behavior in young urban women: Research in Nursing & Health Vol 27(3) Jun 2004, 185-197. Cerda-Molina, A. L., Hernandez-Lopez, L., Rojas-Maya, S., Murcia-Mejia, C., & Mondragon-Ceballos, R. (2006). From conversation to construct: The development of legitimized aggression in the psychological domain. Reactions to communications under conditions of source responsibility and source coercion: Australian Journal of Psychology 17(3) 1965, 179-194. Though the statutory definition is similar among all states, charges can vary based on the severity of the coercion or whether or not physical force was used. Nottestad, J. "Attorney's pressures on the expert witness: Early warning signs of endangered honesty, objectivity, and fair compensation": Comment: Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Vol 28(2) 2000, 250. The purely selfish kinds of coercion are a form of predatory behaviour by the coercing party, whose aim is to narrow down the scope of other peoples actions so as to make them instrumental to its own personal interests. More generally, unspecific coercion may be the form taken by disciplinary coercion, and this appears to be in fact the case within the most effective command systems of the modern world. Patterns of sexual coercion in adult heterosexual relationships: An exploration of male victimization: Family Process Vol 36(1) Mar 1997, 81-94. Magellan, K., & Magurran, A. E. (2006). (1995). Distress and aggression during dating conflict: A test of coercion hypothesis: Personal Relationships Vol 7(4) Dec 2000, 391-402. This means that if questioned about a crime by the police, a person is not required to respond beyond giving their name. What is coercion in psychology? KnowledgeBurrow.com Memory Distortions in Coerced False Confessions: A Source Monitoring Framework Analysis: Applied Cognitive Psychology Vol 18(5) Jul 2004, 567-588. Lopez-Garza, Marta (Ed); Diaz, David R (Ed). Ashland, OH: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. Inmate-to-Inmate Sexual Coercion in a Prison for Women: Journal of Offender Rehabilitation Vol 37(2) 2003, 77-87. Fraley, S. L. M. S. (2005). Solving Group Discipline Problems Without Coercion: An Approach Based on Attribution Retraining: Journal of Classroom Interaction Vol 39(1) Sum 2004, 1-10. (2005). Treat, T. A., McFall, R. M., Viken, R. J., & Kruschke, J. K. (2001). Santoyo, C., Espinosa, M. C., & Maciel, O. Domestic violence, Psychological abuse Treves, A. Compliance gaining strategies and dating: Avoiding sexually coercive encounters. Hatling, T., Krogen, T., & Ulleberg, P. (2002). Kerpelman, L. C., Connell, D. B., & Gunn, W. J. However, the basing of all ethical values on conscience has also produced a diametrically opposed view. Coercion in the community: Issues for mature treatment systems. Remaining in versus leaving an abusive relationship: Integration of coercive control theory and the revised model of learned helplessness: Dissertation Abstracts International. Sexual coercion: Factors associated with women's reported experience of verbal coercion. The catalyst hypothesis: Conditions under which coercive communication leads to physical aggression. The email address cannot be subscribed. Sexual arousal to erotic and aggressive stimuli in sexually coercive and noncoercive men: Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol 106(2) May 1997, 230-242. Leung, T., & Kim, M.-S. (2007). It is estimated that one in three women and one in ten Before it is even put into effect, advocates for some of those whom the program is meant to benefit challenged the Care Court rules and resources, filing a petition with the state Supreme Court to have it stopped on constitutional grounds. Nurses' ethical perceptions about coercion: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Vol 11(4) Aug 2004, 379-385. 5 chapters | The role of sexual harassment in cave and surface dwelling populations of the Atlantic molly, Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae, Teleostei): Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Vol 54(3) Aug 2003, 303-309. Seigel, K., Wallsten, T., Torsteinsdottir, G., & Lindstrom, E. (1997). A developmental meta-analysis of peer conflict resolution: Developmental Review Vol 21(4) Dec 2001, 423-449. Men's Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships: Development and Initial Validation of the Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships Scale: Violence and Victims Vol 19(5) Oct 2004, 541-556. Lacasse, A., & Mendelson, M. J. A confession or evidence that results from coercive tactics is inadmissible at trial. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. (2002). Koenig, M. A., Lutalo, T., Zhao, F., Nalugoda, F., Kiwanuka, N., Wabwire-Mangen, F., et al. The threats of extortion generally consist of three main ideas: a threat to accuse a person of a crime, a threat to harm a person or their property, or a threat to reveal embarrassing information if the person is not given what they want. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Nilssen, E. (2005). Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. (1996). See Peer pressure, Sociology of religion, Pledge of Allegiance. However, this definition begs the question of perception and how what one party may view as a defensive preservation of the status quo may be viewed by another as aggressive and aggrandizing behaviour. Meyers, J. Opotow, S. (2006). Using focus groups to explore sexual coercion in teenagers' heterosexual relationships. Sexual Coercion Among Adolescents: Victims and Perpetrators: Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 22(4) Apr 2007, 424-437. Balancing intervention and respect for autonomy. But I also know that if this is adding to a system that already marginalizes homelessness and mental health, I am not for it, noting that additional housing should be the first step toward caring for the mentally ill. Bergmann said Care Court and related programs directed at the mentally ill will require huge budget increases and far more staff, who are extremely hard to find in a tight job market. Seddon, T. (2007). Control games: Avoiding intimacy on the singles scene. Coercion to inpatient treatment: Initial results and implications for assertive treatment in the community. Psychological coercion includes theories of mind control, thought control, or a brainwashing claim that a person's mind can be controlled by an outside source. A confession is involuntary when coerced by psychological pressure. However, psychological coercion does not render a confession per se involuntary. Lidz, C. W., Hoge, S. K., Gardner, W., Bennett, N. S., & et al. The difference between coercion and intimidation is subtle and can be hard to prove. The police, for example, may not use torture techniques, threats, drugging, or inhumane treatment during an interrogation. WebAPA Dictionary of Psychology coercion n. the process of attempting to influence another person through the use of threats, punishment, force, direct pressure, and other negative Cults in American society: A legal analysis of undue influence, fraud, and misrepresentation: Cultic Studies Journal Vol 12(1) 1995, 1-48. (2004). The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: Comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men: European Journal of Social Psychology Vol 35(6) Nov-Dec 2005, 819-828. What is heterosexual coercion? This means that someone cannot simply say, '"Gosh, I would sure hate it if something happened to your husband"' when trying to force someone to do something. Perceptions of Psychological Coercion and Human Trafficking in Rigg, J. Hall, G. C. N., DeGarmo, D. S., Eap, S., Teten, A. L., & Sue, S. (2006). Case Western Reserve Law Review 43 (1993): 983-1020. Pointing out that most students consider graduation to be a key transition in their lives, Kennedy felt that those who attended would be psychologically coerced into approving of a religious practice to which they might object: "The undeniable fact is that the school districts supervision and control of a high school graduation ceremony places public pressure, as well as peer pressure, on attending students to stand as a group or, at least, maintain respectful silence during the invocation and benediction. The Effects of Different Types of Military Mobilization on the Outcome of International Crises: Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol 48(2) Apr 2004, 211-229. Lucyshyn, J. M., Irvin, L. K., Blumberg, E. R., Laverty, R., Horner, R. H., & Sprague, J. R. (2004). An examination of gender role identity, sexual self-esteem, sexual coercion and sexual victimization in a university sample: Journal of Sexual Aggression Vol 13(3) Nov 2007, 235-245. A cohort-sequential multivariate latent growth curve analysis of normative CBCL aggressive and delinquent problem behavior: Associations with harsh discipline and gender: International Journal of Behavioral Development Vol 30(5) Sep 2006, 444-459. Coercion and "voluntary" admission: An examination of psychiatric patient views: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 11(3) Sum 1993, 259-267. Do research payments precipitate drug use or coerce participation? Coercion: The link between treatment mechanisms in behavioral parent training and risk reduction in child antisocial behavior: Behavior Therapy Vol 33(3) Sum 2002, 339-359. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What is psychological coercion? The role of subjective group memberships and perceptions of power in industrial conflict: Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology Vol 11(5) Sep-Oct 2001, 389-393. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 'I'll help you boys as much as I can': How eagerness to please can result in a false confession: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry Vol 6(2) Sep 1995, 333-342. Steel Traps and Unattainable Aspirations: A Comment on Kress: Behavioral Sciences & the Law Vol 24(4) 2006, 599-606. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. It all lies in what your intentions are. Experts believe this is due to the attempts to suppress social unrest that was occurring at that time, as well as due to the success of large non-violent resistance movements. Response to: "The use of seclusion in psychiatry: A literature review": Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice Vol 11(4) Win 1997, 317-320. The police can stop a person if they have a good faith belief that the person was involved in a crime. Schuerch, A. U. Harvey, F. P. (1999). For this reason, many social philosophers have considered coercion as the polar opposite to freedom. A., Adams, H. E., & Davis, J. M. (1997). Lloyd, S. A. An analysis of procedural justice during psychiatric hospital admission: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 24(6) Nov-Dec 2001, 573-581. Hoge, S. K., Lidz, C. W., Eisenberg, M., Monahan, J., Bennett, N., Gardner, W., et al. (2003). Horowitz, M., & Reiter, D. (2001). Justice Thomass Actual Legal Coercion Standard Provides the Necessary Renovation. Akron Law Review 39 (2006): 5415, Kahn, Ronald C. Symposium: Religion and the Public Schools after Lee v. Weisman: God Save Us from the Coercion Test. Sadd, D. L. (1997). Wood, K. (2005). The origins of coercion in Assertive Community Treatment: A review of early publications from the special treatment unit of Mendota State Hospital: Ethical Human Sciences & Services Vol 4(1) Spr 2002, 3-16. Sexual Coercion: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, Harassment, and Prostitution: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 37 (10), Oct, 1992. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Although eventually winning its support, the legislation divided the California State Association of Psychiatrists, a 1,500-member organization whose doctors will probably be called on to participate in court evaluations. Here are the answers. Ehrensaft, M. K., & Vivian, D. (1999). cannot disguise the fact that the Court has gone beyond the realm where judges know what they are doing. Nurses' experience with using force in institutional care of psychiatric patients: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Vol 49(5) 1995, 325-330. Justifying coercion: Nurses' experiences medicating involuntary psychiatric patients. (1999). Ramos, M., Fuertes, A., & de la Orden, V. (2006). Type shifting in construction grammar: An integrated approach to aspectual coercion: Cognitive Linguistics Vol 15(1) 2004, 1-67. Walker, S. J. Aggression in bottlenose dolphins: Evidence for sexual coercion, male-male competition, and female tolerance through analysis of tooth-rake marks and behaviour: Behaviour Vol 142(1) Jan 2005, 21-44. Lopez, M. (1996). Olofsson, B., & Jacobsson, L. (2001). No other California mental health statute distinguishes between individuals based on a diagnosis rather than severity of need, the filing stated. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Galway, M. A. (2003). Should psychologists be coercive agents of the state? Insights into the Social Processes: PsycCRITIQUES Vol 16 (6), Jun, 1971. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Coercion as a basis for early age of onset for arrest. Allen, M. (2003). Coercion in psychiatric care: Clinical, legal, and ethical controversies: International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice Vol 10(4) Dec 2006, 247-251. This is because, in his use of the term, it does not entail offensive blackmail strategies designed to get an adversary to give up something of value. Pacifici, C., Stoolmiller, M., & Nelson, C. (2001). Then, Abby started acting in a way Serena did not like. Even some public health officials, though, say Californias approach may fail because of a lack of housing for those taken into the program. Social. Coerced community treatment and psychiatric hospital recidivism. Hauert, C., Traulsen, A., Brandt, H., Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2007). Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Lalumiere, M. L., Chalmers, L. J., Quinsey, V. L., & Seto, M. C. (1996). Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 11 (2001): 245-272. Editorial: Coercive sexual experiences during adolescence and young adulthood: A public health problem: Journal of Adolescent Health Vol 36(5) May 2005, 359-361. Effect of gender and ethnicity on self reports of mild, moderate and severe sexual coercion: Sexuality & Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly Vol 5(2) Spr 2001, 3-11. (1996). Sexual coercion in courtship relations. Unnever, J. D., Colvin, M., & Cullen, F. T. (2004). California shifts to an experiment in coercion to treat the homeless. This differs from robbery in that the threats are often less terrifying and more remote than robbery is; it similarly differs because it usually involves consent, whereas in a robbery a person's will is overwhelmed to the point that consent cannot be given. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. New York, NY: Guilford Press. (1993). Forced Copulation in the Animal Kingdom. Dirty work designations: How police officers account for their use of coercive force: Human Relations Vol 58(11) Nov 2005, 1363-1390. Competence in early development. A., & Mulder, C. L. (2003). Coercive Copulation in the Alpine Bushcricket Anonconotus alpinus Yersin (Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): Ethology Vol 108(12) Dec 2002, 1065-1075. If you have an questions about police interrogations, or if you've been charged with a crime, it's a good idea to contact a local criminal defense lawyer to get your questions answered and discuss your case. West, L. J. Platt, J. Fetzer, A. E., Steinert, T., Metzger, W., & Fegert, J. M. (2006). This was again highlighted in the premodern political theories of Niccol Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Brainwash: The secret history of mind control. Cooney, R. S., & Li, J. Economic coercion requires market power. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Sexual coercion in a territorial salamander: Females punish socially polygynous male partners: Animal Behaviour Vol 67(1) Jan 2004, 85-92. Preliminary results: Psychiatria Polska Vol 39(6) Nov-Dec 2005, 1103-1112. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. Abuse in a prison treatment program: International Journal of Adolescence and Youth Vol 6(4) 1997, 343-351. Variables related to sexual coercion: A path model: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships Vol 16(5) Oct 1999, 659-678. Ward, Cynthia V. Coercion and Choice under the Establishment Clause. University of California Davis Law Review 39 (2006): 16211668. Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., Hoge, S. K., Kirsch, B. L., Monahan, J., Bennett, N. S., et al. Diamond, R. J. Abuse of power Coercion Through IOs: The Security Council and the Logic of Information Transmission: International Organization Vol 60(1) Win 2006, 1-34. Traxler, M. J., McElree, B., Williams, R. S., & Pickering, M. J. Many victims want to get out of their situation so they risk everything to leave the place that sees them mired in poverty. Differences in perceived coercion at admission to psychiatric hospitals in the Nordic countries: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 41(3) Mar 2006, 241-247. Janofsky, J. S. (2006). According to American law, there are multiple forms of coercion depending on the situation. Differences in power use among female supervisors, middle managers, and top managers. Tedeschi, J. T., & Felston, R. B. Nearly four decades ago, McConnells brother, Mark, a paranoid schizophrenic, killed their father. In recent times, some have attempted to extend a similar ethical judgement to non-predatory forms of coercion by individuals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Coercive family processes and adolescent depression. Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. How To Make Money From Sex Without Having Any: Journal of Sex Research Vol 41(2) May 2004, 215-216. Perceptions of motives in intimate partner violence: Expressive versus coercive violence: Violence and Victims Vol 22(5) 2007, 563-576. The Johnson Intervention and relapse during outpatient treatment: American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Vol 22(3) Aug 1996, 363-375. Liegeois, A., & Eneman, M. (2004). Constructing Coercion: The Organization of Sexual Assault: Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Vol 34(3) Jun 2005, 284-316. Coercion can be seen in both physical and verbal threats, though verbal threats are more common. Since specific coercion restricts the range of potential choices to the whims of only a few individuals, it narrows down societys chances to experiment and select new solutions, and hence its ability to adapt. Self-Determination Theory and Public Policy: Improving the Quality of Consumer Decisions Without Using Coercion: Journal of Public Policy & Marketing Vol 25(1) Spr 2006, 104-116. While Thucydides recounted how the Athenians infamously carried out this threat, the attempt at coercion failed because it did not get the Melians to modify their behaviour, short of their total defeat and destruction. Eriksson, K. I., & Westrin, C. G. (1995). Child neglect (2002). In psychological coercion, the threatened injury regards the victims relationships with other people. It is most often used in public school cases. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 221 lessons. There are two primary factors that drive human traffickers: Traffickers might use the following methods to lure victims into trafficking situations: Vulnerability factors that make individuals more susceptible to trafficking include. Lassiter, G. D., & Ratcliff, J. J. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. If the same friend threatened to kidnap Kate's dog unless she reveals to her husband she is cheating on him, this would be coercion. Amanda has taught adult cognitive-behavioral programs in a corrections setting for the last ten years and has a bachelor's degree in Sociology/Criminology. Yet, the purpose of coercion is to substitute ones aims to those of the victim. Distal coercion: Case studies: Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior Vol 34(1) 1997, 10-14. Traffickers are adept at identifying people with noticeable vulnerabilities or needs. Weve detailed the behaviors that hazing often utilizes, including alcohol abuse, harassment, and violence. : Journal of College Student Psychotherapy Vol 9(4) 1995, 3-21. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. The most obvious example is blackmail, particularly emotional blackmail where the threat consists of the dissemination of damaging information. Its a pattern of abusive controlling behavior that can turn violent. Coercion is different from the use of brute force to completely defeat an adversary, because it aims to modify the behaviour of an opponent, ideally through threats and, at most, the limited and demonstrative use of force. Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners: European Psychologist Vol 12(1) 2007, 54-61. Unlike religious coercion, it is a quite recent phenomenon, confined to some of the totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century. Svensson, B., & Hansson, L. (1994). (1994). (1993). Program-level predictors of antipsychotic medication adherence among parolees: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology Vol 48(5) Oct 2004, 561-571. Research on the coercion of persons with severe mental illness. Pinango, M. M., Winnick, A., Ullah, R., & Zurif, E. (2006). Hopper, K. (1996). Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Sexual coercion in lesbian and gay relationships: A review and critique: Aggression and Violent Behavior Vol 4(2) Sum 1999, 139-149. The victim becomes unable to make the The causes of rape: Understanding individual differences in male propensity for sexual aggression. Narcissism, sexual refusal, and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 84(5) May 2003, 1027-1040. Broadly, sexual coercion is defined as the use of physical force, harm, authority, blackmail, verbal persuasion, manipulation, pres- Schrepferman, L., & Snyder, J. Sexual coercion among young street-involved adults: Perpetrators' and victims' perspectives: Violence and Victims Vol 16(5) Oct 2001, 537-551. : Current Opinion in Psychiatry Vol 18(5) Sep 2005, 576-584. Thus, it is predicted that in the long run the most successful societies would mainly be those where the incidence of specific coercion was less. (2007). Langenderfer, J., & Shimp, T. A. Sexual coercion among university students: A comparison of the United States and Sweden: Journal of Sex Research Vol 34(1) 1997, 67-76. Similarities and differences in women's sexual assault experiences based on tactics used by the perpetrator: Psychology of Women Quarterly Vol 28(4) Dec 2004, 323-332. A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison: Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vol 21(12) Dec 2006, 1591-1615. A typical Miranda warning consists of the following: "You have the right to remain silent. Seeming to adhere to scripted or rehearsed responses in social interaction. Recording and Reducing Coercive Measures in Psychiatric Hospitals: Psychiatrische Praxis Vol 31(Suppl1) 2004, S18-S20. Manipulation and force as sexual coercion tactics: Conceptual and empirical differences: Aggressive Behavior Vol 33(4) Jul-Aug 2007, 291-303. keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Lyons, D., & Munro, R. (2002). Updates? (2006). Daversa, M. T., & Knight, R. A. Delprato, D. J. Crime and Coercion: A Test of Core Theoretical Propositions: Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Vol 41(3) Aug 2004, 244-268. Tedeschi, J. T., & Felston, R. B. The coercion test is not yet as well known or as widely used as the three-pronged Lemon test, articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) to determine whether a law has a secular legislative purpose, whether its primary effect is to advance or inhibit religion, or whether it leads to excessive entanglement between church and state. Effects of influence tactics and social contexts in conflict: An experiment on relationships in China: International Journal of Conflict Management Vol 12(3) 2001, 239-258. Women's reactions to hypothetical male sexual touch as a function of initiator attractiveness and level of coercion: Sex Roles Vol 35(11-12) Dec 1996, 737-750. Verbal abuse, Sexual abuse I feel like its a lifeline. The identification between State and law is but a special normative principle introduced by (public) Roman law, which according to some, like Maitland, was for this very reason to be treated as the quintessential law of tyranny. In the subsequent cases of South Africa under apartheid and of Libya, the use of economic sanctions as a tool of coercive diplomacy did manage to bring about the desired change in behaviour after a prolonged period. A narrative study of qualitative data on sexual assault, coercion and harassment: Canadian Journal of Counselling Vol 28(3) Jul 1994, 193-205. Influence & Persuasion for Front-Line Managers, Differences Between Power, Leadership, Authority & Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Influence & Persuasion in the Workplace: Purpose & Benefits, Influence & Persuasion vs. Schneider, D. J. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Brennan, K. A. Validating the construct of coercion in family routines: Expanding the unit of analysis in behavioral assessment with families of children with developmental disabilities: Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities Vol 29(2) Sum 2004, 104-121. Becoming an adolescent father: Precursors and parenting: Developmental Psychology Vol 34(6) Nov 1998, 1209-1219. Boeringer, S. B., Shehan, C. L., & Akers, R. L. (1991). If you've been interrogated by the police, you know what a scary and often-times intimidating situation that can be. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Examples and Overview of Coercion in Law - Study.com (2003). The transformation has to be radical, said Luke Bergmann, the director of San Diego Countys Behavioral Health Services. : Journal of Behavioral Medicine Vol 18(6) Dec 1995, 549-568. Developmental patterns of coercive sexual behavior. Margolin, G. (1984). Crime by proxy: Coercion and altruism in adolescent shoplifting: British Journal of Criminology Vol 47(5) Sep 2007, 817-833. In their case, Lee v. Weisman, Justice Anthony Kennedy introduced the coercion test, saying that public school students were coerced to participate in state-sponsored religious events when public schools invited clergy to deliver invocations and benedictions at events such as graduation. (2002). Paternalism and autonomy: A presentation of a Nordic study on the use of coercion in the mental health care system: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry Vol 25(2) Mar-Apr 2002, 93-108.
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